Practice test questions Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Executive Order (E.O.) 12898 - Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations - was issued by President William J. Clinton in 1994
A
the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
2
Q
Inclusionary zoning
A
usually practiced in urban areas, is planning communities and developments that will provide housing to all income brackets. Inclusionary zoning ordinances often require any new housing construction to include a set percentage of affordable housing units.
3
Q
Aggie land need per household fact
A
You report that on a per household basis: it takes 2acres of land to feed the U.S. population
4
Q
Multigenerational Household Fact
A
You report that the percentage of multigenerational households has grown from a low of 12 percent in 1980 to approximately 20 percent of households today. Nearly the same as the 1950 peak
5
Q
Vacant land fact
A
Detroit has approximately 70,000 vacant lots making up approximately 27% of the land area.
6
Q
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).
A
An MSA is based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core.
A typical MSA is centered on a single large city that wields substantial influence over the region (e.g., New York City or Philadelphia). However, some MSAs contain more than one large city (e.g., Dallas–Fort Worth or Minneapolis–Saint Paul.
7
Q
MPO
A
A Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) is a transportation policy-making organization made up of representatives from local government and transportation authorities. In the early 1970s, the Congress of the United States passed legislation that required the formation of an MPO for any Urbanized Area (UZA) with a population greater than 50,000. Congress created MPOs in order to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transportation projects and programs are based on a continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive (“3-C”) planning process. Federal funding for transportation projects and programs are channeled through this planning process.
8
Q
Herbert Simon developed what technique?
A
Satisficing is a decision-making strategy that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptable threshold is met.
9
Q
The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (and most state zoning enabling statutes) authorized a board of adjustments to do the following:
A
Hear and decide appeals from determinations made by local zoning officials
Grant variances to provide relief from the terms of the zoning ordinance
Board of Zoning Adjustments act in a quasi-judicial manner and can grant variances and hear appeals. The enactment of the zoning ordinance and special exceptions are achieved through a legislative process with the planning commission.
10
Q
Types of ‘group building’
A
Consensus Building would bring together the stakeholders to work together to come to a solution. Coalition Building brings parties who agree together to promote an idea. A Town Hall Meeting is good to identify issues, but in this case, the issue is already known. Focus Groups might be useful in understanding the issue further
11
Q
Local road speeds
A
Local roads have a design speed of 25-35 miles per hour
12
Q
Building and water separation
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Separation from a water supply is an effective way to protect water quality. The separation can be 200 or more feet –– depending on soil conditions and water flow.
13
Q
Drosscape
A
an urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the product of past economic and industrial processes. The concept focuses on the redesign and adaptive reuse of “waste landscapes” within regions
14
Q
1934 Indian Reorganization Act
A
The 1934 Act allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.
15
Q
Arbitration
A
a form of dispute resolution. In arbitration an independent third party makes a judicial determination of a dispute. Arbitration is commonly used in union contract disputes.
16
Q
Types of sites
A
Brownfields are contaminated industrial sites.
Greenfields refer to land that is not currently used for development.
Grayfields are former development sites that are not contaminated.
17
Q
Dillions Rule
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In 1872, Judge Dillon found that local governments are subordinate to the state and are only authorized to perform actions permitted by the state. Following this ruling some states passed “home rule” legislation that authorized home rule jurisdictions the authority to pass regulations without express authorization from the state.
18
Q
Clarence Perry NB Description
A
Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit concept identifies 5-9,000 residents with a density of 10 units per acre, a school at the center, and buildings around the edges for shopping.
19
Q
Change Interval
A
The amount of time between messages appearing on a digital sign.
20
Q
Biophilic Design
A
Biophilic Design brings humans and nature together through sustainable strategies, which can include lighting, ventilation, access to water and natural elements.
21
Q
Colocation Facility
A
A colocation facility allows businesses to rent storage space for servers and other equipment. The colocation center provides space, power, cooling, and physical security for the networking equipment for many different companies.
A building that provides space that is leased by the rack, cabinet, cage, or room, and that provides security, cooling, power, and bandwidth
22
Q
The National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program
A
The National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was discontinued under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program.
23
Q
census location numbers
A
Urbanized areas and urban clusters form the urban cores of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, respectively.
Each metropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more people;
each micropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 people.
Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas represent the county-based functional regions associated with urban centers (hence, the generic term “core based statistical areas”).
24
Q
Saul David Alinsky (1909-1972)
A
Saul David Alinsky (1909-1972) was a community organizer and activist. He founded the Industrial Areas Foundation in Chicago. He was also an influential writer. His books Reveille for Radicals (1946) and Rules for Radicals (1972) were, and remain, important statements of community organizing.
25
Federal Gov Homeless Def
Federal law defines a homeless person as one who, "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence ... and has a primary night residency that is: a shelter or a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings." This definition works well in large urban communities, but is problematic in assessing the status of homeless persons in rural areas where there are few shelters.
26
Charrette
A charrette is a type of participatory planning process that assembles an interdisciplinary team—typically consisting of planners, citizens, city officials, architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and other stakeholders—to create a design and implementation plan for a specific project. It differs from a traditional community consultation process in that it is design-based. In addition, charrettes are usually compressed into a short period of time, unlike traditional planning exercises that can take a long time to be finalized.
27
coupon rate
The coupon rate is the rate of interest for bonds, notes, and other securities.
28
The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act requires that religious freedom not be interrupted by treating churches with stronger requirements than other like uses.
29
Communicative Planning Th
Calls for Consensus building
30
AASHTO - Expressway
roads provide a moderate amount of land access, distribute travel to smaller areas, and interconnect major roads?
31
Housing Aff. Ratio (one method)
The ratio of median housing price to median income shows how affordable or unaffordable a community may be. A ratio of greater than 2.5 would indicate that the housing may be unaffordable.
32
Columbia, MD
In 1963, the Rouse Company began the development of Columbia, Maryland. The 14,000-acre master planned development was developed to provide jobs, recreation, shopping, health care, and a mix of housing at different price points. The development was designed to create a jobs-housing balance.
33
Beneficiary assessments
Beneficiary assessments are used by the World Bank and other development organizations to make sure that project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power. The technique solicits qualitative information about the development activity. This can include interviews, focus groups, and participant observations.
34
The nominal group technique
The nominal group technique allows for brainstorming, enabling all members of a group to meaningfully participate. There are silent times allowing for idea generation followed by individual sharing of ideas.
35
2010 Homeownership rates
According to the 2010 Census, 65% of residential units are owner occupied.
36
Council of Governments
First in Detroit
Council of Governments (CoGs—also known as regional councils, regional commissions, regional planning commissions, and planning districts) are regional governing and/or coordinating bodies that exist throughout the United States. CoGs are set up to work toward coordination of plans and programs at the regional level?
A COG or regional council is a multi-service entity that delivers a variety of federal, state, and local programs, and they are accountable to local units of government. They can also function as partners for state and federal governments.
37
AASHTO Arterial Street
An arterial street limits direct access to homes and businesses
38
Marriage Rate Trend
Just over half of adults age 18 and older were married in 2010, compared with 72% in 1960. It is significant to note that only 20% of 18-29 year olds were married in 2010, versus 59% in 1960.
39
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act Process
According to the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act the rezoning process includes the following:
Submittal of the zoning application
Application review by staff
Notice is given of the planning commission public hearing
The staff report is created
The planning commission hearing
The planning commission recommendation
The recommendation is forwarded to the governing body
Notice given of the governing body public hearing
The governing body hearing occurs
The governing body decision
40
U.S. EPA environmental justice
The U.S. EPA defines environmental justice as the, “fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, culture, income, or education level with respect to development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.”
41
Linear programming analysis
Linear programming is about allocation of resources and (?) not scheduling (?)
42
Fiscal Impact Analysis
The purpose of fiscal impact analysis is to estimate the impact of a development or a land use change or a plan on the costs and revenues of governmental units serving the development.
43
Cost-revenue analysis
Cost revenue analysis is typically project based, for example the cost of building and maintaining a pool versus the revenues generated. This type of project based fiscal analysis is not typically included in a comprehensive plan.
44
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Participatory Rural Appraisal is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. These are typically highly visual including creation of maps or picture cards.
45
Cluster Sample
In a cluster sample, the population is divided into clusters and a sample of the clusters is taken, but only some of the clusters are taken. This tends to increase sampling error because it is possible for clusters to be similar; for example, in this case, if the clusters were neighborhoods.
46
Norman Krumholz
Equity planning
Krumholz work during the 1970s focused on thinking about the disadvantaged in the community first in every planning process.
47
Adverse possession
Adverse possession is a method of acquiring title to a property by possession for a period of time, based on statute. Squatters rights are a specific form of adverse possession. Squatters typically do not have a right to the title of the property but cannot be removed without due process. While homesteading occurs when the land has no legal owner or is owned by the government, the government allows homesteading with an expectation that the person occupying the property will undertake specific actions to gain the title. Adverse abandonment is associated with acquiring land abandoned by a railroad.
48
1937 Housing Act
The 1937 Housing Act is viewed as a progressive bill that established a permanent public housing program in the United States. Section 8 of the 1937 Housing Act authorized the payment of rental housing assistance to private landlords. Section 8 also authorized "project-based" rental assistance programs where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants. The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program was enacted in 1974.
49
Acres in Hectare
There are 2.47 acres in a hectare.
50
1901 Tenement Act
The passage of the 1901 Tenement Act resulted from deteriorating conditions in the increasingly overcrowded tenement districts of New York. The result was an increase in the number of windows, plumbing on each floor, and outlawing Dumbbell Tenements.
51
Organizational Structure
Planning agencies might be vertically integrated by subject area (e.g., transportation, land use, housing), which is different from organizing by functional approach (e.g., planning, regulations, information systems, investment, policy). Organization by an agency’s legal status would separate legislative functions (e.g., planning, code writing), from quasi-judicial (e.g., regulatory), and enforcement (e.g., permit administration).
52
John Friedmann
Friedmann is associated with Transactive planning.
53
12 leading econ indicators
The US Department of Commerce uses an index of twelve leading indicators to measure the direction of the economy. These include interest rates, stock prices, oil prices, unemployment, housing starts, and consumer expectations are all part of the leading indicators.
54
Service level of highway b
A service level of B is: stable flow, short delays and speed somewhat restricted. The Highway Capacity Manual, published by the Transportation Research Board, provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type. Levels of Service (LOS) range from A to F. A LOS of A means there is free flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds.
55
Service level of highway b
A service level of B is: stable flow, short delays and speed somewhat restricted. The Highway Capacity Manual, published by the Transportation Research Board, provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type. Levels of Service (LOS) range from A to F.
56
Service level of highway a
A LOS of A means there is free flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds.
57
The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act
The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act has seven goals including safety, infrastructure condition, congestion reduction, system reliability, freight movement & economic vitality, environmental sustainability and reduced project delivery delays.
58
Management By Objectives
Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book 'The Practice of Management'. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are.
The organization benefits from clarifying its goals.
The organization sets realistic objectives each year.
The organization measures progress toward objectives on an annual basis.
59
Zero Based Budgeting
Decision packages are associated with this
60
Symptomatic population estimation
Symptomatic estimation calculates the population of an area based on number of housing units.
61
Linear projection
Linear projection is a straight time trend where the average change over the past period will continue in the future.
62
Zero Based Budgeting
Zero Base Budgeting uses decision packages that can be independently decided upon for funding purposes.
63
A shift share analysis
A shift share analysis provides information on the region’s share of employment in an industry compared to the national share, which is not what the Mayor is looking for.
64
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)
The federal government's Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program encourages the investment of private equity for developing affordable rental housing for low-income and very low-income households. It does this by awarding tax credits to taxpayers who invest in multifamily rental housing that serves low-income households.
It encourages private equity for developing affordable housing, but it can only be used for rental housing
65
A local street
A local street is designed to service land uses such as single family homes and public uses where young children would be.
66
A shift share analysis
A shift share analysis provides information on the region’s share of employment in an industry compared to the national share.
A shift-share analysis determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy.
67
vertical organization
A vertical organization works best where there are large and functionally complex organizations. In this case, there could be divisions based on function with a chain of command leading from the divisions to the director.
68
Comp Plan of Cincinnati
Alfred Bettman collaborated with Ladislas (Laci) Segoe on executing the studies for the Plan of Cincinnati.
69
Mediation
Mediation can occur with city staff or with an outside party. Mediation allows each party to share their perspective on the issues. For example, determining changes needed to make the proposal acceptable to both parties, such as operational practices, such as providing advance notice of events at the church. Following mediation, the application would go through the normal hearing process
70
Linear programming
Linear programming is a method for determining an optimal solution. This could apply to a number of planning projects, such as a regional agricultural development plan.
The three other methods in the answer choices --
Critical path method (CPM), Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), Gantt -- are about scheduling
71
Greenbelt Towns
Greenbelt towns which provided affordable housing for federal government workers were planned by Rexford Guy Tugwell, head of the United States Resettlement Administration, under authority of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act.
72
Optimal Committee Size
9-15 ppl
73
Susan Fainstein Just City
Fainstein argues that diversity, democracy and equity are the critical elements of a Just City where the conditions for humans are flourishing.
74
Urban Cluster
Created in the 2000 Census. A densely (at least 1,000 ppl per sq mi) settled territory that has a minimum of 2,500 people but less than 50,000
75
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design includes natural surveillance, territoriality, and natural access control.
76
Metropolitan statistical area
a central city plus surrounding communities to which it is linked economically.
77
CommunityViz
CommunityViz is a software program that allows for the creation of 3-D models to assist citizens in visualizing change in an area.
78
Peter Calthorpe
Peter Calthorpe developed Transit Oriented Development.
79
SmartCode
The Smart Code is not based on “Smart Growth” except in a very conceptual way. In the SmartCode, there are 6 transect zones plus one special district. There are many adaptations of the basic SmartCode template, and locally calibrated codes can have more zones than 6.
80
Smart Growth
Smart growth promotes a variety of housing choices to allow people of all income and household types to have a place to live.
81
Variance
The variance is a numerical value used to indicate how widely individuals in a group vary.
"You have calculated a measure of dispersion around the mean. This was calculated as the average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean"
82
1909 Plan of Chicago
The plan was initiated and paid for by private business owners.
The plan addressed areas outside the central city.
Citizens of the city were educated about the plan.
83
The Homestead Act 1862
The Homestead Act allowed public lands to be sold for a nominal fee.
84
Pioneer of Urban Planning
Hippodamus of Miletus was an ancient Greek urban planner who created grid plans for cities during the 5th century BC. His plans focused on creating order that both physically and socially ordered the city. (According to Aristotle)
85
Right to Farm
All 50 states have some form of Right to Farm law, which attempts to preserve agricultural practices and make farming more viable. Right to farm laws deny nuisance lawsuits against farmers, even if their agricultural practices harm or bother adjacent property owners. Such nuisances may include noise, odors, and visual clutter. The laws aim to minimize the threat to normal farming practices, in contrast to typical farmland preservation policies which aim to preserve farmland itself.
86
Plural Planning
The idea of Plural Planning is associated with advocacy planning theory.
87
Housing Act of 1954
Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954 provided funding for local comprehensive planning, leading to communities across the country developing comprehensive plans.
It evolved out of efforts to implement planning requirements of the Housing Act of 1949 and became a signature program expanding local planning across the United States.
88
Mariemont, OH
Mariemont is a planned community in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Founded in the 1920's by Mary Emery. it was a planned community built in 1923 foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement.
89
location quotient
The location quotient compares the share of employment of an industry in a region to the national share. If the share in the region is larger than the national share, the location quotient will be larger than 1, which suggests that the industry exports out of the region. The rationale is that the national share corresponds to self-sufficiency, so if the share is larger than the national share, there is more produced than needed for self-sufficiency, so the excess is exported.
90
Environmental justice issues that are considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Under the US Dept. of Transportation’s process, consideration of environmental justice issues must be considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). General principles required as part of the EIS analysis are: Identification of Minority or Low-Income Populations, Public Participation, Numeric Analysis (that agencies should consider relevant demographic, public health and industry data), and Alternatives and Mitigation.
91
Community visioning
Community visioning is a participatory planning process that seeks to describe an agreed-upon desired future for a community. To do this, citizens and stakeholders are actively engaged in discussions and exercises about alternative futures. Visioning exercises help communities begin to consciously create a future by advancing a shared sense of purpose
92
For a development condition to be constitutional
The condition must have some essential nexus with the public purpose it seeks to fulfill
The condition must bear some rough proportionality to the impact of the development for which the permit is sought
The condition may be satisfied by the payment of a fee in lieu of (FILO) compliance
Not result in the temporary loss of use of property while the application for the development permit is undergoing review by government staff.
93
Effluent
Effluent is the discharge of pollutants into the environment in an untreated, partially treated, or completely treated state.
94
Environmental justice issues that are considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
and general requirements
Under the US Dept. of Transportation’s process, consideration of environmental justice issues must be considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). General principles required as part of the EIS analysis are: Identification of Minority or Low-Income Populations, Public Participation, Numeric Analysis (that agencies should consider relevant demographic, public health and industry data), and Alternatives and Mitigation.
General requirements of EIS:
1. Current conditions and the probable impact of the proposed action
2. Any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented
3. The relationship between local short term uses of the environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity
4. Ways to minimize the negative impacts of the proposed action
95
tribes possess a nationhood status
According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs “Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution vests Congress, and by extension, the Executive and Judicial branches of our government, with the authority to engage in relations with the tribes, thereby firmly placing tribes within the constitutional fabric of the nation.” Supreme Court Justice John Marshall in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) articulated that “tribes possess a nationhood status and retain inherent powers of self-government.” This would include land use regulatory authority.
96
Capital improvements program (CIP)
A capital improvements program (CIP) is typically a five to seven year plan for planning and funding public facilities and infrastructure. It includes both the construction of new facilities and the rehabilitation or replacement of existing capital facilities. A key element is the link between growth in a community and timing of capital investments – also known as concurrency.
97
EPA’s Superfund program
EPA’s Superfund program is responsible for cleaning up some of the nation’s most contaminated land and responding to environmental emergencies, oil spills, and natural disasters. To protect public health and the environment, the Superfund program focuses on making a visible and lasting difference in communities, ensuring that people can live and work in healthy, vibrant places.” The program holds the current property owner liable for site contamination and requires the polluter to help pay for site cleanup.
98
Sector Theory
Sector theory is a model of urban development proposed by Homer Hoyt in which sectors radiate out like pie shaped wedges from the central business district. Sector theory stresses the role of transportation in urban development. Each sector represents a specific land use, and thus represents a distinct area of land values. Land use sectors either complement or oppose each other.
Sector Theory was developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. Hoyt was in the real estate business in Chicago and was interested in high-end residential development. Hoyt disagreed with Burgess' conception of city growth. He argued that land uses vary based on transportation routes. The city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the center of the city.
99
Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990) created the HOME program
Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990) created the HOME program. The HOME program provides block grants to local governments to increase the supply of affordable housing. The funds can be used to provide down payment assistance, construct or renovate affordable housing, acquire sites for affordable housing development, and support Community Housing Development Organizations in providing affordable housing.
100
To attract the Creative Class
Richard Florida, author of The Rise of the Creative Class argues that in order for a city to attract the Creative Class, it must possess "the three 'T's":
Talent (a highly talented/educated/skilled population),
Tolerance (a diverse community, which has a 'live and let live' ethos),
Technology (the technological infrastructure necessary to fuel an entrepreneurial culture).
101
Push analysis
A push analysis determines the sales capacity of a market area and if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.
102
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
A Program Evaluation and Review Technique chart would allow for the rapid sequencing of tasks ensuring that the project deadline can be met.
PERT – Deals with unpredictable activities (where the time needed to complete activities is not known). It concentrates on the trade-off between time and cost. It produces a “high precision” time estimate.
103
CPM
Deals with predictable activities (projects that are recurring). It concentrates on time (rather than time-cost trade-offs). It produces a “reasonable” time estimate.
104
NEPA
NEPA requires the public and private sectors to conform to certain environmental standards but only if it involves federal funding, work performed by the federal government, or permits issued by a federal agency.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is America's national charter for protection of the environment. It establishes policy, sets goals (section 101), and provides means (section 102) for carrying out policy pertaining to federal actions, funding, and permitting. It was signed into law on January 1, 1970. The EPA is an independent agency of the federal government that has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, but overseeing subdivisons is not in their domain.
105
City as Growth Machine Theory
Logan and Molotch are associated with the City as Growth Machine Theory.
Urban growth machine is an influential thesis of urban politics that suggests the objective of growth unites otherwise pluralistic interests in relation to a city. The thesis is situated within a broader theory about the commodification of place, where place is understood to be socially and economically valued land.
106
Lingle v. Chevron
Lingle v. Chevron overturned the “substantial advancement” test established in the Agins (1980) case. In this case, Hawaii enacted a limit on the rent that oil companies could charge dealer service stations. The rent cap was a response to concerns about gas prices. Chevron argued the cap was an unconstitutional taking of its property. The district court held that the cap amounted to an uncompensated taking in violation of the 5th Amendment because it did not substantially advance Hawaii's public interest in controlling gas prices. The court cited the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Agins v. City of Tiburon (1980), where the Court declared that government regulation of private property is "a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests."
107
Wagner-Steagall Act of 1937
The Wagner-Steagall Act (Housing Act of 1937) was the first act to link public housing with slum clearance. It created a two-tiered policy of providing mortgage insurance to promote home ownership for the middle class, while creating public housing for the poor. The Neighborhood Composition Rule in the act continued segregation practices in the new housing that created a class and race segregation. This means that public housing in white neighborhoods was reserved for white families
President Roosevelt signed the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act into law on September 1, 1937. The new law established the United States Housing Authority (USHA) that provided $500 million in loans for low-cost housing projects across the country.The Act, along with other New Deal housing and mortgage initiatives, brought greater economic security to hundreds of thousands of Americans. It built on the National Housing Act of 1934 to provide millions in loans for low-income housing
108
1956 Federal Highway Ac
It created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities, and it also created the Highway Trust Fund to finance highway building. Sources of revenue for the Highway Trust Fund include taxes collected from vehicle sales.
109
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
The Council on Environmental Quality coordinates federal environmental efforts and works with federal agencies on the development of environmental policies and initiatives. This includes aspects of EPA, Clean Water, Clean Air, and Farm Bill Conservation.... any federal agency
110
urban growth boundary
An urban growth boundary is a regional boundary set to limit urban sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for development and the area outside be used for agriculture and other low density uses.
111
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA's seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S.
112
Real Property
Real property consists of all land, structures, attached equipment such as street lights, anything growing on the land, and all "interests" in the property which may be the right to future ownership, right to occupy for a period of time, the right to drill for oil, the right to get the property back if it is no longer used for its current purpose, use of airspace or an easement across another's property
Includes mineral, easements, and buildings
113
Variance
a measure of dispersion around the mean that is calculated as the average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean
