Practicle #4

Question 1

Animalia

Answer 1

Apomorphies: diplontic life cycles, have collagen, chemoheterotrophs, multicellular with division of labor

Question 2

Diplontic life cycle

Answer 2

Spend majority of their life cycle as diploid.

Question 3

Collagen

Answer 3

Connective tissue.

Question 4

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 4

Digest other living things internally.

Question 5

Porifera

Answer 5

Sponges

• sessile and benthic
• made up of cells embedded in mesohyal
• only “animal” with totipotent cells (change form and function throughout their cell cycles)

Apomorphies: aquiferous system, spicules

Question 6

Spicules

Answer 6

Rigid structural materials

• embedded in mesohyl
• provide support/structure
• made of calcium carbonate, spongin, or silica

Question 7

Aquiferous system

Answer 7

System of pores and canals that bring water through sponge (food, gas exchange, waste removal)

• ostia: draws water in
• oscula: expells water

Question 8

Eumetazoa

Answer 8

All animals except sponges

Apomorphies: true tissues, cellular basement membrane, ectoderm and endoderm in embryonic development, gastrovascular cavity, beginnings of nervous system

Question 9

Cnidaria

Answer 9

Jellies, sea anenomies, etc.

Many are diplontic with alteration of medusa and polyp generations
- polyp: sessile with tubular bodies
- medusa: pelagic with bell-shaped body

Apomorphies: radial symmetry, stinging sructures used to catch food and protection

Question 10

Hydrozoa

Answer 10

Type of cnidaria

Apomorphies: alteraiton of generations occurs but one may be lacking, usually more conspicuous polyp

Question 11

Scyphozoa

Answer 11

True jellyfish

Apomorphies: polyp stage usually reduced/absent and medusa dominant

Question 12

Anthozoa

Answer 12

Sea anemones, sea pens, corals

Apomorphies: lack medusa stage, large calcium carbonate structures, symbiotic with zooxanthellae, sensitive to environmental change (coral bleaching – expel zooxanthellae and starve)

Question 13

Ctenophora

Answer 13

Comb jellies

Apomorphies: radial symmetry, complete guts with mouth/anus, determinate cleavage

Question 14

Determinate cleavage

Answer 14

Fate of cells after early 4 celled stage determined/specialized.

Question 15

Bilateria

Answer 15

Animal lineages beyond porifer, cnidaria, ctenophora

Apomorphies: bilateral symmetry, cephalization, cerebral ganglion, triploblastic, radial cleavage in early development

Question 16

Bilateral symmetry

Answer 16

Symmetry along the dorsal/ventral and posterior/anterior axes.

Question 17

Cephalization

Answer 17

Formation of head region

Question 18

Triploblastic

Answer 18

3 embryonic germ layers:
1) outer ectoderm
2) inner endoderm
3) middle mesoderm

Question 19

Protostomia

Answer 19

Type of Bilateria

Apomorphies: ventral nervous system, body types: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

Question 20

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 20

Type of protostomia

Apomorphies: spiral cleavage, trochophore larvae

Question 21

Platyhelminthes

Answer 21

Type of lophotrochozoa

Apomorphies: flattened body, incomplete gut, no specialized circulatory/respritory systems, longitudinal and circular muscules

Question 22

Rotifera

Answer 22

Type of lophotochozoa

Apomorphies: complete gut with mouth/anus, fluid filled cavity that functions as hydrostatic organs

Question 23

Ectoprocta

Answer 23

Type of lophotrochozoa

Apomorphies: region around mouth with ciliated tenctacles for catching food/gas exchange, form complex colonies, common fouling organisms

Question 24

Mollusca

Answer 24

Apomorphies: radula, calcareous spicules, muscular foot, mantle

Question 25

Radula

Answer 25

Toothed tongue in mouth used as food scraper

Question 25

Mantle

Answer 25

Outer dorsal body wall, specialized epidermal cells that secrete the shell

Question 26

Shells

Answer 26

Calcareous spicule laid down and covered by periostracum, huge diversity, correlated with behaviors/habits

Question 27

Muscular foot

Answer 27

Often flattened, ciliated sole with gland that produces mucus trail, move via contractions along foot *Tentacles and arms = modified foot*

Question 28

Mantle cavity

Answer 28

Between mantle and foot, houses gills and receives waste and reproduce materials, circulates water

Question 29

Visceral mass

Answer 29

Large differentiated central tissues with organs

Question 30

Mollusk diversity

Answer 30

Chitons, gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves.

Question 31

Chitons

Answer 31

Earliest mollusks. Apomorphies: 7-8 overlapping shell plates, mantle fused to shell plates, adhere strongly to surfaces

Question 32

Gastropods

Answer 32

Slugs, snails Apomorphies: freshwater/terrestrial/marine, well developed head, coiled shell, torsion

Question 33

Gastropods

Answer 33

Well-developed head, sensory structures with eyes/tentacles/statocysts

Question 34

Torsion

Answer 34

Happens during gastropod growth, rotation of visceral organs and mantle

Question 35

Opisthobranchia

Answer 35

Gills behind their heart, not monophyletic

Question 36

Nudibranch

Answer 36

Lost their shells, eolid (eat cnidarians) or dorid (eat sponges), brilliant coloration as warning sign to predators

Question 37

Cephalopods

Answer 37

Nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish, etc. Apomorphies: well developed head, coild shell, siphuncle, spetate shell, beak-like jaws, tentacles, siphon, extensive ganglia (brain), ink sac

Question 38

Siphuncle

Answer 38

Tube that extends from visceral mass into shell chambers, secretes gas for buoyancy regulation.

Question 39

Septate shell

Answer 39

Shell with compartments seperated by septa

Question 40

Siphon

Answer 40

For propulsion, reproduction, spreads ink

Question 41

Extensive ganglia

Answer 41

Forms brain, very smart

Question 42

Bivalvia

Answer 42

Clams, oysters, mussles, scallops, etc. Apomorphies: shell with 2 plates/valves, gilled for filter feeding, no radula

Question 43

Annelids

Answer 43

Segmented worms Apomorphies: segmentation, head with protomium and perisomium, setae bundles

Question 44

Polychaetes

Answer 44

Paraphyletic, mostly marine, free-living and tube building, parapodia, elaborate head

Question 45

Lumbricidae

Answer 45

Earthworms Apomorphies: hermaphroditism (male/female repro. organs), clitellum reproduction, mostly terrestial

Question 46

Hirudinea

Answer 46

Leeches and other worms Apomorphies: fresh/salt water, posterior body sucks, subdivision of body segments, interal clitellium, hermaphroditism