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Bio Lab > Practicle #6 > Flashcards

Practicle #6 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Euchordata Apomorphies

A

Urochordata and vertebrata.
- have neural crest

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2
Q

Nueral crest

A

Group of cells near dorsal margin of neural tube in embryo, dispenses cells to form cranial tissues.

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3
Q

Vertebrata

A

Fishes, amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds.
- cranium
- tripartite brain
- sensory organs
- lateral line system
- 2 chambered heart
- liver
- kidney
- hemoglobin compounds

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4
Q

Cranium

A

Made of cartilage, becomes ossified, fuses to form skull, houses brain and sensory organs.

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5
Q

Tripartite brain

A

Larger than in invertebrates, has 3 parts, helps to deal with information and form sensory organs

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6
Q

Olfactory organs

A

Chemoreception for smell

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7
Q

Lateral line

A

Senses water movements, receptors embedded under skin.

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8
Q

Pineal organ

A

Detects presence/absence of light, under skin on top of head, regulates behaviors and hormones.

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9
Q

2 chambered heart

A

Derived from part of ventral aorta, evolved to accommodate the evolution of dense capillaries in gills

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10
Q

Hemoglobin compounds

A

Hemoglobin molecule binds with oxygen to increase oxygen content of blood, gives bloods its red color.

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11
Q

Liver

A

Produces proteins and digestive juices, stores energy, filters waste like dead blood cells.

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12
Q

Kidney

A

Maintains various bodily fluid solute concentrations, removes wastes like urea, especially important in marine life.

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13
Q

Vertebrae

A

Bony disks that form column, surrounds and protects the dorsal nerve, derived from notochord.

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14
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Jawless fish.
- circle mouths
- keratinized teeth
- rudimentary cartilaginous blocks (rather than vertebrae)

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15
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfish.
- scavengers
- no larval stage (direct development)
- oral tentacles for sensing and feeding
- oral plates
- threads from mucus glands

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16
Q

Petryomyzontida

A

Lampreys.
- parasitic fish
- anadromous
- eventually metamorphose

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17
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertabrates.
- jaws
- calcified teeth
- vertebral column
- heterocercal tail
- paired fins
- stomach
- pancreas
- spleen

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18
Q

Jaws

A

Formed from first set of pharyngeal bars, allow for enlarged feeding gape.

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19
Q

Calcified teeth

A

Derivatives of calcium phosphate skeleton, important for biting/chewing.

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20
Q

Vertebral column

A

Calcified vertebrae replace notochord, surrounds and protects dorsal nerve.

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21
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

Allows for rapid acceleration and burst swimming.

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22
Q

Paired fins

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A

Allow for greater conrol and stability while swimming, evolve into arms and legs
- pectoral + pelvic

23
Q

Stomach

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A

Expansion of foregut, wrinkles cause greater surface area, hydrochloric acid and muscular contraction help with digestion.

24
Q

Pancreas

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A

Produces enzymes for digestion.

25
Spleen
Filters and helps produce blood, stores immune system cells.
26
Chondrichthyes
Sharks, skates, rays, ratfish. - male pelvic claspers - placoid scales - skeleton mostly cartilaginous
27
Holocephali
Ratfish. - diffuse placoid scales - pre-pelvic and cephalic claspers - fused tooth plates
28
Osteichthyes
Ray-finned fishes, lungfish, coelacanths, tetrapods. - swim bladder or lung for buoyancy - adenticulate scales - bony operculum
29
Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishes. - homoceral tail - highly mobile - specialized fins with bony spines - spines in dorsal fin - ganoine on scales
30
Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned fishes - muscular and lobed fins - teeth have enamel
31
Actinistia
Coelacanths. - ossified gas bladder - 3 lobed tail
32
Chonata
Lungfish and tetrapods. - bile sats for digestions - choana: internal nostril for nose breathing
33
Tetrapods
Mammals, amphibians, reptiles. - eyelids - stapes - atlas - 4 legs, 5 digits per limb
34
Eyelids
Prevent cornea from drying out.
35
Stapes
Hyomandibular bone --> rod-like inner ear bone, attaches to eardrum, picks up vibrations, passes ear fliuds to brain.
35
Atlas
Anterior vertebrae connecting head to skull, increases movement.
35
Amphibians
Caucilians, salamanders, frogs. - respirate through skin with sac lungs - reduced digits on front limbs - skin has poison glands and mucus glands (for defense and to prevent desiccation)
36
Apoda
Caecilians. - legless, segmented amphibians - osteoderms embedded in skin - no pelvic girdle - 2 teeth rows - tenctacle sense organ on mouth
37
Urodela
Salamanders. - live in wet environments - have gills - suscepticle to drought/toxins (indicators of healthy ecosystem)
38
Anura
Frogs and toads. - limbless larvae with internal gills - no true teeth - lack tail as adults - hindlimbs are longer than forearms - ribs lost and pelvic girdle elongated
39
Frog habitats based on morphology
- pond dwellers: long legs, hind feet have lots of webbing - Burrower: short and stubby, hindlimbs short, spade of foot, feet highly webbed - climber: small body, long legs, slender toes with round pads
40
Amniota
Mammals and reptiles. - reproduce out of water, amniote egg - internal fertilization - hard keratin covering
41
Amniote egg
Can be laid on land, inner protecting lining for gas exchange, surrounded by fluid filled sac, large nutritive yolk with nutrients.
42
Reptilia
Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds. - uric acid - scales with beta-keratin
43
Testudines
Turtles and tortoises. - marine/freshwater/terrestrial - shell bone overlaid with epidermal scutes made of keratin
44
Squamata
Lizards and snakes. - paired hemipenes in males - enlarged Jacobson's organ
45
Lizard morphological adaptations
- sand dweller: fringes on toes for running on sand, flat body, wedge shaped head - burrower: lack limbs, elongated - semiaquatic: enlarged tail for swimming - arboreal: compressed body, rounded toe pads - generalized: "normal" proportions, no specialization
46
Archosauria
Crocodylia and dinosauria. - 4 chambered heart - parental care - facultative bipedalism - nest building
47
Crocodylia
Crocodiles, alligators, gavials. - flat skull with conical teeth - laterally compressed tail for swimming - webbed feet *Crocs = V-shaped snout* *Alligator = U-shaped snout*
48
Aves
Birds. - collar bones fused into furcula (wishbone) - sternum has keep for muscle attachment - hollow bones - semi-lunate carpal - feathers - powered flight - shortened tails - loss of teeth - vertabrae fused
49
Hollow bones
Lungs extent into bones (increased O2 consumption to support flight)
50
Semi-lunate carpel
Crescent shaped wrist bone, increased flexibility.
51
Feathers
High modified scales, central axis is rachis, branching structure (vanes --> bards --> barbules --> hooks)
52
Bird morphological adaptations
- sand prober: long thin beak, legs for wading - insect eater: beak long and pointed - insect netter: short and flat beak, hairs on beak detet insects, catch insects in flight - water strainer: short and flat beak, frills to hold food/water - raptor: short hooks beak with sharp edges - fish eater: long and spear-like beak - seed cracker: sorth and stubby beak with sharp edges

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