Pragmatic and discourse development

Question 1

importance of pragmatics

Answer 1

• they need to have that web of connections
• don’t have pragmatic awareness adults may have
• to understand pragmatics children must have a comprehension of implicatures (understanding of implied meaning)

Question 2

implication

Answer 2

what we mean rather than what we say

Question 3

inference

Answer 3

interpreting what others mean

Question 4

politeness

Answer 4

• using selected words and phrases to be polite
• one of earliest developments
• please and thank you
• asking not demanding
• not raising voice / taboo

Question 5

conversational management

Answer 5

knowing when and how long to speak

Question 6

Topic maintenance

Answer 6

understanding to stay on topic and contributing relevantly to the conversation

Question 7

Denotation

Answer 7

literal meaning

Question 8

connotation

Answer 8

associated meaning

Question 9

locution

Answer 9

literal speech act

‘can I go outside?’
‘it’s raining’

Question 10

illocution

Answer 10

the implied meaning

‘can I go outside?’
‘no, you can’t

Question 11

perlocution

Answer 11

the perceived meaning

‘can I go outside?’
‘I am not allowed to go outside’

Question 12

Paul Grice’s maxims, 1975

Answer 12

• ‘co-operative principle’
• unconsciously will be conversationally cooperative and abide by certain maxims
• children struggle to use maxims / make errors and flout the maxims

Question 13

maxim of quality

Answer 13

• should tell the truth

- should have evidence for statements made

Question 14

Maxim of quantity

Answer 14

• contribution should be as much as required

- should be neither too little nor too much

Question 15

Maxim of relevance

Answer 15

• speakers contributions should relate to purpose of conversation

Question 16

Maxim of manner

Answer 16

contributions should be clear, avoiding ambiguity

Question 17

Goffman

Answer 17

• the face theory

Question 18

G: losing face

Answer 18

to publicly suffer diminished self image (children don’t tend to get embarrassed due to lack of pragmatic development)

Question 19

G: maintaining face

Answer 19

taking a line when interacting socially

Question 20

G: taking a line

Answer 20

contribution to a conversation to show engagement

Question 21

G: positive face

Answer 21

need to be liked, appreciated and approved

Question 22

G: negative face

Answer 22

desire to feel independent

Question 23

G: Face threatening act

Answer 23

speech act which has the potential to damage someone’s self esteem

Question 24

G: Positive politeness strategy

Answer 24

• shows you recognise that your hearer has desire to be respected
• expresses group reciprocity

Question 25

G: Negative politeness strategy

Answer 25

- recognises the hearer’s face | - recognises you are in some way imposing on them e.g. “I don’t want to bother you but”, “I was wondering if”

Question 26

M.A.K Halliday, 1975

Answer 26

identified 7 functions of motivation for a child to use language

Question 27

Halliday functions

Answer 27

HI, I Ran Round In Poo H - heuristic I - instrumental I - interactional R - regulatory R - representational I - imaginative P - personal

Question 28

Heuristic

Answer 28

learn about the environment e.g. “Wassat?”

Question 29

Instrumental

Answer 29

fulfil a need e.g. “I want milk”

Question 30

Interactional

Answer 30

develop and maintain social relationships e.g. “I love you”

Question 31

Regulatory

Answer 31

influence the behaviour of others e.g. “pick up”

Question 32

Representational

Answer 32

convey facts and information e.g. “its hot”

Question 33

Imaginative

Answer 33

create an imaginary world as seen in play e.g. “me, shopkeeper”

Question 34

Personal

Answer 34

convey their opinion or personal identity e.g. “me like it"

Question 35

John Dore

Answer 35

- identified eight functions that might be in child lang | - more focused than Halliday's approach

Question 36

John Dore's 8 functions

Answer 36

``` L - labelling R - repeating A - answering R - requesting action C - calling G - greeting P - protesting P - practicing ```

Question 37

JD: Labelling

Answer 37

naming a person, object or thing

Question 38

JD: repeating

Answer 38

repeating an adult word / utterance

Question 39

JD: Answering

Answer 39

responding to an utterance of another speaker

Question 40

JD: Requesting action

Answer 40

asking for something to be done for them

Question 41

JD: Greeting

Answer 41

greeting someone / something

Question 42

JD: calling

Answer 42

getting attention by shouting

Question 43

JD: Protesting

Answer 43

objecting requests from others

Question 44

JD: Practicing

Answer 44

Using language when no adult is present