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CHIP > Pre-Enlightenment Philosophy > Flashcards

Pre-Enlightenment Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

iliad

A

early constructs of psych

4 types of soul

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2
Q

4 types of soul

iliad

A
  • psyche
  • menos
  • thymos
  • noos
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3
Q

psyche

iliad

A
  • image of dead/spirit double
  • no intellectual or vital capacity
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4
Q

menos

iliad

A
  • shared by all living things
  • vitality
  • source of actions
  • metabolism
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5
Q

thymos

iliad

A

source of feelings, emotions, goals, hopes

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6
Q

noos

iliad

A
  • derives meaning from outside world
  • sort of higher intellectual function

originally assumed not to be possessed by women

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7
Q

first concept of critical thinking

A
  • Thales of Miletus
  • first to get students to improve on his thinking
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8
Q

first concept of naturalism

A
  • Thales
  • look to world rather than supernatural for explanations
  • looked for universal element - water

universal element: phusis

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9
Q

first concept of empiricism

A
  • Heraclitus
  • importance of senses in obtaining knowledge

experience

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10
Q

first concept of rationalism

A
  • Parmenides
  • knowledge is obtained from reason

not experience

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11
Q

first concept of materialism

A
  • Democritus
  • there is only matter that behaves in lawful fashion
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12
Q

first concept of determinism

A

Democritus
* if things behave in lawful fashion they don’t have free will

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13
Q

universal phusis

element

A
  • Thales = water
  • Heraclitus = fire

world resolves around water and fire

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14
Q

4 classical elements

A
  1. water
  2. fire
  3. earth
  4. air
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15
Q

4 humours

A

Hippocrates, Galen
1. sanguine
2. choleric
3. melancholy
4. phlegmatic

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16
Q

sanguine

4 humours

A
  • extroverted
  • impulsive
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17
Q

choleric

4 humours

A
  • courageous
  • hopeful
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18
Q

melacholy

4 humours

A
  • neurotic
  • conscientious
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19
Q

phlegmatic

4 humours

A
  • introverted
  • calm
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20
Q

enlightened ignorance

A

aporia

Socrates did not claim to know “what are virtues?” but lived in aporia

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21
Q

socratic method

A
  • interrogate experts
  • conclude he was the wisest as “none had answers to the questions”
  • at least he knew he didn’t know
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22
Q

socrates and moral truth

A

believed in essence everyone possesses moral truth

through dialogues attempted to show people the virtues that they inherently know

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23
Q

plato

A
  • idealism
  • forms belong to ontos
  • epistemology
  • looked at the soul
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24
Q

idealism

plato

A

we don’t perceive forms with our senses but through our minds

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25
Q

ontos

plato

A

realm of being

e.g. the form of a cat is an idealised cat

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26
Q

plato’s epistomology

A
  • true knowledge is knowledge of forms and not of things themselves
  • come to this knowledge through nativism

form of rationalism - by reason, not experience

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27
Q

plato and nativism

A
  • body is a temporary prison for the soul
  • souls reincarnate
  • chain of animal species starting with men
  • knowledge is innate and carried by the soul through reincarnations
  • learning is remembering previous knowledge

reincarnation depends on virtues in life - similar to buddhism

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28
Q

plato and the soul

A
  • appetitive soul
  • spirited soul
  • rational soul
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29
Q

appetitive soul

plato

A
  • pleasures and drives
  • mortal
  • located in belly & genital region

links to idea of following gut feeling

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30
Q

spirited sould

plato

A
  • courage, glory
  • lives in chest/heart
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31
Q

rational soul

plato

A
  • comes from realm of forms
  • immortal
  • located in head/brain

similar distinction between noos & rational soul

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32
Q

key contributions of aristotle

A
  • biology
  • logic
  • psychology
  • etc.
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33
Q

aristotle’s forms

A

form is defined by
* material
* essential
* efficient
* final

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33
Q

aristotelian psych

A
  • rejected the separability of soul & body
  • 3 types of souls
  • knowledge acquired through perception of ind objects until form is attained
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34
Q

3 types of souls in aristotle’s naturalism

A
  • nutritive
  • sensitive
  • rational

plants, animals, humans

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34
Q

what goes to common sense in aristotle’s model of mind?

A
  • special senses
  • imagination & mem
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35
Q

what comes from common sense in aristotle’s model of mind?

A
  • imagination & mem
  • passive mind
36
Q

what goes to passive mind in aristotle’s model of mind?

A
  • active mind
  • common sense
37
Q

passive mind

aristotle’s model of mind

A

pure capacity and is merely receptive of intelligible forms

38
Q

active mind

aristotle’s model of mind

A

pure activity which somehow is involved with acquisition of material to the passive mind

39
Q

key thinkers - medieval thought

A
  • augustine
  • avicenna
  • aquinas
40
Q

saint augustine

A
  • contrasts socrates - born with original sin
  • argued against solipsism

used case study of his life to justify original sin

41
Q

solipsism

A

cannot prove anything but your own mind exists

extreme idealism

42
Q

augustinian philosophy

A
  • perception not source of truth
  • eternal world superior to sensory
  • truth can be discovered by reason alone
  • reason should dominate baser urges

applied plato’s views on body & soul to christianity: reason dominating

43
Q

avicenna

A
  • scholar in Islamic golden age
  • the book of healing
  • the canon of medicine
44
Q

avicenna’s psychology

A
  • 7 interior senses
  • contemplative and practical intellect
45
Q

the interior senses

avicenna

A
  1. recollection
  2. memory
  3. estimation
  4. compositive human imagination
  5. compositive animal imagination
  6. retentive imagination
  7. common sense
46
Q

contemplative intellect

avicenna

A

similar to aristotle’s active mind

knows universals

47
Q

practical intellect

avicenna

A

handles mundane (e.g. regulation)

manages everyday affairs

48
Q

recollection

interior senses

A

recalls intuitions from memory

49
Q

memory

interior senses

A

stores intuitions from estimation

50
Q

estimation

interior senses

A

intuitions about benefit and harm

51
Q

compositive human imagination

interior senses

A

creative imagination

52
Q

compositive animal imagination

interior senses

A

combines images

53
Q

retentive imagination

interior senses

A

copies of objects

54
Q

common sense

interior senses

A

combines the 5 exterior senses

55
Q

aquinas

A
  • applied aristotle’s approach to form his cosmological argument to explain the existence of god
  • god is ‘unmoved mover’ at end of infinite regressing chain of efficient causes
56
Q

aquinas’ psychology

A
  • natural desire for knowledge
  • no innate ideas - experience
  • mind and body are inextricably linked
  • 4 broad faculties
57
Q

aquinas’ 4 broad faculties

A
  1. vegetative soul
  2. sensitive soul
  3. rational soul
  4. appetitive powers
58
Q

vegetative soul

aquinas

A
  • same as aristotle/avicenna
  • nutrition, growth, reproduction
59
Q

sensitive soul

aquinas

A
  • exterior senses
  • 4 interior senses
    1. memory
    2. common sense
    3. imagination
    4. estimative sense
60
Q

estimative sense

aquinas

A

instinctive categorization/judgement

61
Q

rational soul

aquinas

A
  • active intellect
  • passive intellect
62
Q

active intellect

aquinas

A
  • abstracts forms
  • knowledge from experience
63
Q

passive intellect

aquinas

A
  • tabula rasa
  • embodies concepts as dispositions
64
Q

appetitive powers

aquinas

A
  • sensitive - concupiscible, irascible
  • rational - appetitive

appetitive: approach beh, respond to stim

65
Q

concupiscible

aquinas

A
  • approach good
  • avoid bad
66
Q

irascible

aquinas

A

inclination towards difficult to attain/award goals

67
Q

mind body problem

A
  • relationship between physical and mental events
  • 2 approaches - dualism, monism
68
Q

dualism

mind body problem approach

A

mental and physical are different substances

soul is eternal but body is material and destructible
* qualitatively different

69
Q

monism

mind body problem approach

A

there is only one substance

70
Q

descartes

A
  • first modern dualist
  • descartes’ dream & demon
  • cogito ergo sum
71
Q

descartes’ dream

A

we can doubt sense evidence because its’ possible you could be dreaming

72
Q

descartes’ demon

A

we could be fooled by an evil demon

73
Q

cogito ergo sum

A

cannot doubt the existence of ourselves
* I think, therefore I am

74
Q

substance dualism

A

mind and matter are distinct

75
Q

the interaction problem

substance dualism

A

how do minds and bodies interact? how can a mind have an on the body if it is not in the physical world?

76
Q

issues with the pineal gland

substance dualism

A
  • descartes said mind controls & receives info from body via pineal gland on the basis that it is not duplicated
  • pineal gland isn’t unitary - separate hemispheres
77
Q

alternative dualisms

not substance

A
  • epiphenomenalism
  • occasionalism
  • parallelism
78
Q

epiphenomenalism

A
  • brain states cause mind states
  • heavily criticised
  • Papineau - child in the backseat
  • behaviourists used the charge to justify eliminating the study of the mind

papineau - we are like children playing in the backseat with a fake steering wheel, we think we are in control

79
Q

occasionalism

A
  • De Malbranche
  • mental & physical dont causally affect each other
  • god intervenes with each interaction

god intervening - illusion of causality

80
Q

parallelism

A
  • Leibniz
  • god doesnt interact at each step
  • established 2 parallel tracks
  • like 2 clocks
81
Q

monism

A
  • idealism
  • materialism
  • neutral monism
82
Q

idealism

monism

A
  • only mental stuff exists
  • rejects idea of mind independent reality
  • all ideas built from perceptions
  • when someone isn’t looking at a thing, it ceases to exist

Berkeley solves last point by arguing an omnipotent god perceives all

83
Q

idealism criticisms

A
  • Johnson - kick stone, doesnt refute Berkeley’s ideas
  • common sense - scientists often abandon folk theories but not without good reason. is theory strong enough?
84
Q

materialism

A
  • only physical stuff exists
  • reduce mental level by level to physical
  • Hobbes and Offray de la Mettri

2 people were 2 key renaissance thinkers

85
Q

Hobbes

materialism

A
  • rejected idea of a mental substance
  • mechanistic view of psychology - our actions, thought and feelings are determined
86
Q

Offray de la Mettri

materialism

A
  • rejected idea of sould
  • humans same as Descartes’ concept of other animals

concept of other animals - soulless, biological machines

87
Q

neutral monism

A

only stuff exists

aspects of both physical and mental

88
Q

physicalism

A
  • dominant view underpinning philosophical account of mind in psych
  • deals with mind-body problem by rejecting an alternate reality
89
Q

evaluating physicalism

A

doesnt convincingly explain how a physical brain gives rise to consciousness

90
Q

double aspectism

A
  • Spinoza - rejected idealism and materialism
  • substance has a mental & physical aspect
  • assumes everything has consciousness

  • if we perceive via senses, we see it as matter
  • if we look at it within ourselves, we see it as thought

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