Pre-reading CV Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the primary role of α and β adrenergic receptors in the cardiovascular system?
They are involved in cardiovascular control
α receptors primarily mediate vasoconstriction, while β1 receptors increase heart rate and force of contraction.
What factors control cardiac output?
- Rate & force of cardiac contraction (Autonomic Nervous System)
- Blood volume (kidneys and RAAS)
- Blood viscosity
What is the relationship between MAP and blood pressure?
MAP is the product of cardiac output and peripheral resistance
How does sympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?
It speeds up the heart
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?
It slows down the heart
What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic innervation of the heart?
Noradrenaline
Which adrenergic receptors are primarily acted upon by noradrenaline in blood vessels?
Alpha (α) receptors
What is the function of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
It acts on muscarinic receptors
What endocrine action does circulating adrenaline have?
Binds to and activates β1 & β2 receptors
What is the effect of a β1 blocker on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate
What is the primary role of α adrenoreceptors in the ANS?
Mediates vasoconstriction
What is the role of β1 adrenoreceptors in the kidney?
Increases renin production
Which receptors mediate increased heart rate and force of contraction?
β1 adrenoreceptors
What are the new 2024 ESC categories for blood pressure classification?
- Non-elevated: <120/70 mmHg
- Elevated: 120-139/70-89 mmHg
- Hypertension: ≥140/90 mmHg
What is the significance of out-of-office measurements in diagnosing hypertension?
They are required for confirmation of hypertension diagnosis
What organs can be damaged by hypertension?
- Kidneys
- Hearts
- Eyes
- Brain
What is the goal of hypertension therapy?
Maintain blood pressure at near normal limits with minimal ADRs
How does the incidence of hypertension change with age?
It increases progressively with age
What is isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)?
Elevated SBP with normal DBP
Which is a more potent risk factor for coronary heart disease until age 50?
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
What is the vascular phenotype of systolic hypertension?
Increased arterial stiffness, especially of large arteries
In which demographic is hypertension more prevalent before age 50?
Men
Which demographic shows a higher prevalence of hypertension after menopause?
Women
What is an initial approach to lowering blood pressure?
Lifestyle measures
