Preconception Nutrition Flashcards by Reya Steele

Nutrition intake and body fat affect fertility by:

1) ______________________
2) ______________________

1) altering the environment in which eggs and sperm develop

2) modifying levels of hormones involved in the reproduction process.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Adequate health and nutrition status are needed for successful reproduction.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The 4 primary antioxidants are:

1) ______________________
2) ______________________
3) ______________________
4) ______________________

1) Vitamin E
2) Vitamin C
3) Beta-carotene
4) Selenium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decreased fertility is seed with low or high body fat due to alterations in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. blood sugar levels
B. blood pressure levels
C. hormone levels
D. sexual performance

C. hormone levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Alcohol may decrease estrogen and testosterone levels or disrupt menstrual cycles.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inadequate intake of ______ is associated with neural tube defects and small for gestational age babies.

folate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 1998 the USDA mandated that refined grains be fortified with __________.

folic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Women who may become pregnant are recommended to consume ____ mcg of folate from fortified foods or supplements.

400 mcg of folate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nutritional management of women with PCOS includes:

increase insulin sensitivity
insulin-sensitizing drugs
diet - omega 3 fatty acids, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, regular meals, low-glycemic foods
weight loss and exercise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PKU occurs because of an inborn error in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. amino acid metabolism
B. hormone regulation
C. insulin regulation
D. protein metabolism

A. amino acid metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition with an inherited sensitivity to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ found in gluten component of wheat, rye, barley, which causes malabsorption and flattening of intestinal lining.
A. amino acid alanine
B. protein glover
C. amino acid histidine
D. protein gliadin

D. protein gliadin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Nutrition is recognized as a core component for the prevention and treatment for many cases of infertility. This concept applies to women and men!

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Factors affecting fertility are: water consumption, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, preconception folate status, and drug use.

False: factors affecting fertility are: body fat, weight loss, exercise, certain dietary patterns such as vegetarianism, preconception iron status, and high caffeine and alcohol intakes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: The two nutrients that we place the most focus on during pre- and peri- conception are:

Calcium
Magnesium

False: The two nutrients that we place the most focus on during pre- and peri- conception are:

Folate
Iron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: In 2007, Harvard researchers published the ‘fertility diet’ which recommended:

less trans fat and more monounsaturated fat (avocados and olive oil)
a focus on plant protein vs. animal protein
high fiber, low glycemic carbohydrate foods, such as whole grains
more vegetarian sources of iron
multivitamins
full-fat dairy products

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Excessive body fat, especially when centrally located (a waist circumference of  \_\_\_\_ or more inches in women) can decrease fertility.
A. 25
B. 30
C. 35
D. 40

C. 35

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Insulin resistance is especially problematic because it stimulates  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ production in women. Weight loss in obese males and in females has been linked to increasing fertility and is considered the first option for infertility in obese men and women.
A. testosterone
B. estrogen
C. oxytocin
D. progesterone

A. testosterone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The complete absence of menstruation is called __________/

amenorrhea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Menstrual irregularities are related to hormonal changes, especially to release of GnRH and to low levels of estrogen

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is typically associated with a return to regular menstrual cycles.
A. Weight loss
B. Weight gain
C. Reduced cholesterol
D. Reduced exercise

B. Weight gain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse

infertility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biological inability to bear children. The word best applies to specific vital statistics rates, but it is commonly taken to mean the ability to bear children.

infecundity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biological ability to bear children.

fecundity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

generally defined as the loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Also called spontaneous abortion.

Study These Flashcards

miscarriage

the developing organism from eight weeks after conception until the moment of birth

fetus

a system of ductless glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes, that produces secretions that affect body functions

endocrine

Having to do with the immune system and its functions in protecting the body from bacterial, viral, fungal, or other infections and from foreign proteins (i.e., those proteins that differ from proteins normally found in the body)

immunological

Reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time to conception (over 12 months) or repeated pregnancy losses

subfertility

the period in life during which humans become biologically capable of reproduction

puberty

eggs of the female produced and stored within the ovaries (Singular is ovum)

ova

cessation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive capacity in females

menopause

An approximately 4-week interval in which hormones direct a buildup of blood and nutrient stores within the wall of the users and ovum maturation and release. If the ovum is fertilized by a sperm, the stored blood and nutrients are used to support the growth of the fertilized ovum. If fertilization does not occur, they are released from the uterine wall over a period of 3 to 7 days. The period of blood flow is called the menses, or the menstrual period.

menstrual cycle

a section of the brain responsible for the production of many hormones and other chemical substances that affect body functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, and reproduction, and the release of other hormones within the body

hypothalamus

A pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It is connected to the hypothalamus and produced and secretes growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and other hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

a tissue about 12 mm on diameter formed from the follicle that contained the ovum prior to its release. It produces estrogen and progesterone. The "yellow body" derivation comes from the accumulation of lipid precursors of these hormones in the corpus lutem

corpus letup

a group of physiologically active substances derived from the essential fatty acids. They are present in many tissues and perform such functions as the constriction or dilation of blood vessels and stimulation of smooth muscles and the uterus

prostaglandins

Male reproductive glands located in the scrotum

testes

Types of steroid hormones produced in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal correct from cholesterol. Some _____ (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) stimulate development and functioning of male sex organs

androgens

Cells in the testes that secrete substances that nourish and support the maturation of immature sperm cells

Sertoli cells

tissues on top of the testes that store sperm

epididymis

The penile ejaculate containing a mixture of sperm and secretions from the testes, prostate, and other glands. It is rich in zinc, fructose, and other nutrients. Also called seminal fluid.

semen

A general term applied to infections of the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Occurs predominately in young women and is generally caused by infection with a sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea or Chlamydia

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

a disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations such as deep within the uterine wall, in the ovary, or in other sites within the body. The condition is quite painful and is associated with abnormal menstrual cycles and infertility in 30 to 40 perfect of affected women.

endometriosis

A protein secreted by fat cells that, by binding to specific receptor sites in the hypothalamus, decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure, and stimulates gonadotropin secretion. Leptin levels are elevated by high, and reduced by low, levels of body fat

leptin

Weight in kg/heigh in m2 BMIs < 18.5 are considered underweight, 18.5-24.9 normal weight, 25-29.9 overweight, and BMIs of 30 and higher obesity

body mass index (BMI)

menstrual cycles in which ovulation does not occur

anovulatory cycles

absence of menstrual cycle

amenorrhea

defined as non-organic (not due to disease) and reversible disorder in the hypothalamus which impairs gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gn-RH) pulsatile secretion and suspends ovulation and menstrual cycles.

functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to molecules an cells caused by oxidizing agents. Vitamin C and E, selenium, and certain components of plants function as antioxidants

antioxidants

chemical substances (often oxygen-based) that are missing electrons. The absence of electrons makes the chemical substances reactive and prone to oxidizing nearby molecules by stealing electrons from them. Free radicals can damage lipids, cell membranes, DNA, and tissues by altering their chemical structure and functions. They also form as a normal part of metabolism. Over time, oxidative stress causes damage to lipids, cell membranes, DNA, cells, and tissues

free radicals

The time period around conception, variously measured in weeks or months depending on the pregnancy outcomes of interest

perioconceptional period

the developing organism from conception through eight weeks

embryo

the modification of a replicated strand of DNA by addition of a methyl group (CH3) to specific regions of the strand. Methylation can suppress the activity of certain genes in ways that affect metabolic processes and disease risk. It is a normal part of development and is needed for cellular differentiation and organ development but can also be influenced by nutritional and other environmental exposures

DNA methylation

a group of birth defects that are caused by incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, or their protective coverings. Spina bifida is one of the most common types of neural tube defects

neural tube defects (NTD)

newborn weight is less than 10th percentile for gestational age

small for gestational age

a measure of folate availability used by the Referenced Dietary Intakes 1 (____) = 1 mcg of folate, which is equivalent to 0.6 mcg of folic acid

dietary folate equivalents (DFE)

a different version of the same gene. Alleles have a different arrangement of bases than the usual version of the gene.

allele

An alteration in the normal sequence of a gene. The different forms of the same genes are considered "alleles"

gene variant

Preconception Nutrition Flashcards

(58 cards)