Preconception Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions Flashcards
(18 cards)
the time period around conception, variously measured in weeks or months, depending on the pregnancy outcomes of interest
periconceptual period
low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks, months, or years. Inflammation is the first response of the body’s immune system to infectious agents, toxins, or irritants. It triggers the release of biologically active substances that promote oxidation and other reactions to counteract the infection, toxin, or irritant. A side effect of chronic inflammation is that it also damages lipids, cells, and tissues
chronic inflammation
Fat located within the abdominal cavity around organs such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines, Inter-Abdominal fat is referred to as visceral fat and is much more metabolically active than fat stored in other parts of the body
intra-abdominal fat
a condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin than normal is required to transport a give amount of glucose into cells
insulin resistance
a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other disorders. _________ is characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and triglycerides levels, low levels of HDL cholesterol, and impaired glucose tolerance.
metabolic syndrome
an inherited disorder in phenylalanine metabolism most commonly caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxyls, which converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to the nonessential amino acid tyrosine Also called hyperphenylalaninemia.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a condition occurring among women of reproductive age that includes a group of physical and psychological symptoms with the onset in the luteal phase and subsiding with menstrual bleeding.
premenstrual syndrome
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation, the development of the corpus lute (which secretes progesterone) and the production of testosterone in males
luteinizing hormone
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovarian follicle growth and maturation, estrogen secretion, and endometrial changes characteristic of the first portion of the menstrual cycle in females. It stimulates sperm production in males.
follicle stimulating hormone
a non-organic (not due to disease) and reversible disorder in the hypothalamus which impairs gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnRH) pulsatile secretion and suspends ovulation and menstrual cycles
functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
a hormone produced in the hypothalamus that is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by the pituitary gland
gonadotropin releasing hormone
an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss, poor body image, and irrational fears of weight gain and obesity
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent epidosed of rapid uncontrolled eating of large amounts of food in a short period of time. Episodes of binge eating are followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, dieting, excessive exercise, or misuse laxatives to prevent weight gain.
bulimia nervosa
diseases that result from a failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as “self”. The organism attempts to defend itself from the perceived foreign substances through actions of its immune system. These actions can damage molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. Type 1 diabetes, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of autoimmune disease.
autoimmune disease
exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
teratogenic
a structural, function, or metabolic abnormality present at birth. Also called congenital anomalies. These may be caused by environmental or genetic factors, or by a combination of the two. Structural abnormalities are generally referred to as congenital malformations, and metabolic abnormalities as inborn errors of metabolism.
congenital abnormality
a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. This type of diabetes was called juvenile onset diabetes and insulin-dependent diabetes in the past
type 1 diabetes
a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body’s inability to use insulin normally, or to produce enough insulin. This type of diabetes was called adult-onset diabetes and non-insulin -dependent diabetes in the past
type 2 diabetes
