Predjudice and discrimination Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Predjudice definition
A
unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members
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Dehumanisation definition
A
stripping poeple of their dignity and humanity
3
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Genocide definition
A
the ultimate expression of prejudice by extermination an entire social group
4
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Predjudice: Three component attitude model
A
- Cognitive - beliefs about a group
- affective - strfeelings about a group and qualities it is believed to posess
- conative - intentions to behave in certain ways towards a group
5
Q
How are target groups formed
A
by social categorizations
6
Q
which positions do target groups have
A
lower positions in society
7
Q
On what are target groups based on?
A
race, ethnicity, sex, age, sexual orientation, physical and mental health
8
Q
Sexism definition
A
predjudice and discrimination against people based on their gender
9
Q
Social stereotypes of gender
A
Men more competent and independent
Women more warm and expressive
(Men´s sterotypical traits more valued)
10
Q
Stereotype definition
A
widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members
11
Q
Sex roles
A
behaviour deemed sex-stereotypical appropriate behaviour deemed sex-stereotypical appropriate
12
Q
Role congruity theory
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because social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with people’s schemas of effective leadership, women are evaluated as poor leaders
13
Q
why do sex stereotypes persist
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because the role assignment to gender persist
14
Q
Glass ceiling
A
An invisible barrier that prevents women, and minorities, from attaining top leadership positions
15
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Glass cliff
A
A tendency for women rather than men to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism
16
Q
Face-ism
A
Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men, but vice versa for women (facial prominence signify ambition and intelligence)
17
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Attribution
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process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour, and that of others
18
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ambivalent sexism inventory
A
differentiates between hostile and benevolent attitudes to women on dimensions relating to attractiveness, dependence and identity
19
Q
benevolent attitudes
A
heterosexual attraction, protection, gender role complementarity (sexist attitudes towards traditional women in public settings -> less negatively perceived)
20
Q
hostile attitudes
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heterosexual hostility, domination, competition (sexist attitudes towards non-traditional women in private settings -> socially unacceptable)
21
Q
Anti-discrimination legislation
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making higher positions more attainable for minorities and changing the perception of those
22
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Racism definition
A
Predjudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race
23
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Aversive/Modern racism
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people experience a conflict between deepseated emotional antipathy towards racial groups in contrast modern egalitarian values pressuring behaviour in a non-predjudiced manner
24
Q
cognitive dissonance resolution process
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denial of racism thus opposition to address racial disadvantage
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Ageism
Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age
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how and why are elderly people predjudiced
treated as worthless and powerless
have prescriptive stereotypes by ageists which they have to follow
small integrational encounter remain isolated
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intergroup anxiety with handicappd people
feeling uneasy in presence uncertain how to interact emphasising handicap
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reluctant to help in predjudice
- > refusing to help groups improving position in society
- > combination of racial anxiety and antipathy with belief that disadvantage is overstated encourages people not to offer help
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Tokenism
The practice of publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination
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Reverse discrimination
the practice of publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group
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Stigma definition
Group attributes that mediate a negative social evaluation of people belonging to the group
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Visible/concealable and controllable/uncontrollable stigmas
Visible: cannot be concealed in order to cope with stereotypes
Concealable: avoid the experience of predjudice
Controllable: are believed to be chosen rather than assigned having chosen them
Uncontrollable:people believe other having little choice in possessing
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self-evaluative advantage
having a downward comparison with stigmatised groups which give people positive sense of self and social identity
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effects of stigma
- > legitimising inequalities
- > discrediting and degrading different world view giving controllability
- > adaptive cognitive process avoiding poor social exchange partners who could threaten access to resources
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Stigmatised group´s self-esteem
- > internalised negative evaluations depress self-esteem
| - > often individual resilient in sustaining positive self image
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Stereotype threat
Feeling that we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we will inadvertently confirm these stereotypes through our behaviour
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Combat stereotype threat
- > knowing about it
- > reduce the degree to which one’s identity is tied to a performance that may attract negative feedback
- > identify strongly with one’s stigmatised group
- > have extensive favourable intergroup contact with the anxiety- provoking outgroup
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
Expectations and assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person and eventually change their behaviour in line with our expectations
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Dehumanisation
denies people human uniqueness and human nature
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Essentialism
Pervasive tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and immutable, often innate, properties of people or the groups they belong to
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Self dehumanisation
when we behaved in a way one is considering as immoral in order to protect the integrity of our larger conception of self
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Absence of institutionalised or legislative support
- > systematic acts off mass discrimination
| - > violence against outgroups
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cultural assimilation
Genocide in which entire cultural groups disappear as discrete entities through systematic suppression of their culture
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mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
-> unfamiliar objects are feared of
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Transmission of parental predjudice
parental modelling, instrumental/operant conditioning and classical conditioning
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration
-> target of aggression perceived as agent of frustration
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Scapegoat
: Individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual or group or some other set of circumstances
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Displacement
Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings
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Collective behaviour
The behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd, protest or riot
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Relative deprivation
A sense of having less than we feel entitled to
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Authoritarian personality
Personality syndrome originating in childhood that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced
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Ethnocentrism
Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups
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Dogmatism and closed-mindness
Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced
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Authoritarianism with three components
- > conventionalism: adherence to societal conventions that are endorsed by established authorities
- > authoritarian aggression: support for aggression towards social deviants
- > authoritarian submission: submission to society’s established authorities
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Social dominance theory
Theory that attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimises ingroupserving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies
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System justification theory
Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo
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Belief congruence theory
The theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice
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Intergroup behaviour
Behaviour among individuals that is regulated by those individuals’ awareness of and identification with different social groups
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J-curve
A graphical figure that captures the way in which relative deprivation arises when attainments suddenly fall short of rising expectations
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Two forms of Relative deprivation
- > Egoistic relative deprivation: A feeling of personally having less than we feel we are entitled to, relative to our aspirations or to other individuals
- > Fraternalistic relative deprivation: Sense that our group has less than it is entitled to, relative to its aspirations or to other groups
61
Four factors involved in social unrest with Fraternalistic relative deprevation
- > strong identification with intergroup
- > collective action has to be considered practical and bringing about social change
- > perception of contributive or procedural injustice
- > intergroup-outgroup comparison has to be made
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Social movement participation four steps
- > sympathiser believing change can be made through collective action
- > information
- > develop motivation
- > overcoming barriers to participate
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Realistic conflict theory
Sherif’s theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup behaviour in terms of the nature of goal relations between groups
- > exclusive goals cause intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
- > shared goals encourage intergroup harmony
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Free-rider effect
Gaining the benefits of group membership by avoiding costly obligations of membership and by allowing other members to incur those costs
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commons dilemma
Social dilemma in which cooperation by all benefits all, but competition by all harms all
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Social identity theory
Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self-definition in terms of ingroup-defining properties
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Self-categorization theory
: theory of how the process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours
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Reductionism
: Explanation of a phenomenon in terms of the language and concepts of a lower level of analysis, usually with a loss of explanatory power
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Meta-contrast principle
the prototype of a group is that position within the group that has the largest ratio of ‘differences to ingroup positions’ to ‘differences to outgroup positions’
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Entitativity
The property of a group that makes it seem like a coherent, distinct and unitary entity
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Depersonalisation
The perception and treatment of self and others not as unique individual persons but as prototypical embodiments of a social group
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Salience
interactive function of chronic accessibility and situational accessibility on the one hand, and structural fit and normative fit on the other
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Self-enhancement and positive distinctiveness
- > intergroup differentiation elavates self-esteem
- > collective self-esteem related to group processes
- > people in low status groups protect themselves from low self-esteem that comes with their membership of the group
- > uncertainty reduction through group identification
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Social mobility belief system
: Belief that intergroup boundaries are permeable. Thus, it is possible for someone to pass from a lower-status into a higher-status group to improve social identity
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Social change belief system
Belief that intergroup boundaries are impermeable. Therefore, a lower-status individual can improve social identity only by challenging the legitimacy of the higher-status group’s position
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Cognitive alternatives
Belief that the status quo is unstable and illegitimate, and that social competition with the dominant group is the appropriate strategy to improve social identity
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Social creativity
Group-based behavioural strategies that improve social identity but do not directly attack the dominant group’s position
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Social competition
Group-based behavioural strategies that improve social identity by directly confronting the dominant group’s position in society
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System justification theory
Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo
80
Intergroup emotions theory
Theory that, in group contexts, appraisals of personal harm or benefit in a situation operate at the level of social identity and thus produce mainly positive ingroup and negative outgroup emotions
- > outgroup emotions may lead to predjudiced behaviour
- > ingroup emotions may lead to solidarity
81
Behavioural change in crowds (early theory)
- > members are anonymous lose responsibility for their actions
- > ideas and sentiments spread rapidly and unpredictably through a process of contagion
- > unconscious antisocial motives are released through suggestion
82
Deindividuation
Process whereby people lose their sense of socialised individual identity and engage in unsocialised, often antisocial, behaviours
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Emergent norm theory
Collective behaviour is regulated by norms based on distinctive behaviour that arises in the initially normless crowd
84
Weapons effect
The mere presence of a weapon increases the probability that it will be used aggressively
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Improving intergroup relations
- > reducing predjudice and intergroup conflict
- > Propaganda
- > Education of children
- > contact
- > superordinate goals
- > Multiculturalism/Cultural pluralism
86
four sources of anxiety in anticipation of intergroup contact
- > realistic threat (threat to groups existence)
- > symbolic threat (posed by values, beliefs, morals and norms)
- > intergroup anxiety (threat to self in intergroup interactions)
- > negative stereotypes
87
How intergroup contact might work
Bookkeeping, conversion, subtyping
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Extended contact
Knowing about an ingroup member who shares a close relationship with an outgroup member can improve one’s own attitudes towards the outgroup
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Superordinate goals in intergroup contact
improve intergroup relations (resistance to a shared threat) only if goal is achieved
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Multiculturalism/cultural pluralism improving intergroup relations
celebrating diversity as a defining feature of their social identity can balance the superordinate identity and positive subgroup distinctiveness and may provide social harmony
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Communication and negotiation
Bargaining, Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation
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Bargaining
Bargaining Process of intergroup conflict resolution where representatives reach agreement through direct negotiation
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Mediation
Process of intergroup conflict resolution where a neutral third party intervenes in the negotiation process to facilitate a settlement
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Arbitration
Arbitration Process of intergroup conflict resolution in which a neutral third party is invited to impose a mutually binding settlement
95
Conciliation
Process whereby groups make cooperative gestures to one another in the hope of avoiding an escalation of conflict
