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Clinical Neuro-Optometry > PREFINAL > Flashcards

PREFINAL Flashcards

1
Q

shape of pupil

A

Round

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2
Q

location of pupil

A

Centrally located

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3
Q

Color of the pupil

A

No color

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4
Q

pupil composes of

A

Entrance/exit pupil

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5
Q

Normal size of pupil (normal range)

A

2-5mm

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6
Q

Normal size of pupil in physiologic state

A

3-4mm

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7
Q

T/F
younger individuals have smaller pupils than geriatric patients

A

F- bigger

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8
Q

T/F
Myopes have larger pupils than hyperopes

A

T

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9
Q

Nature of pupil size for the entire day

A

Progressively increases at the end of the day

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10
Q

T/F
Anatomy of pupil reflexes size of pupils depends on the balance of parasympathetic (dilation) and sympathetic (constricts) activity of pupil

A

F- parasympathetic (constrict) and sympathetic (dilates)

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11
Q

Pupil size considered as dilated

A

5mm in size

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12
Q

Pupil size considered as constricted

A

1.5mm or less in diameter

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13
Q

Factors that causes dilated pupils

A

Dim illumination
Far vision
Mydriatics
In pain
Emotions
Stage 1 anesthesia or prolonged anesthesia
Dyspnea or asphyxia
Cutting the parasympathetic
nerve
Stimulating the cervical sympathetic nerve
Death

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14
Q

Factors that cause constricted pupils

A

Bright illumination
Near vision
Stage 2 anesthesia
Miotics
Close eyelids
During sleep
Stimulating ciliary nerves
Cutting sympathetic nerves

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15
Q

Before dilating check…

A

Size
Shape
Near relfex
Light reflex
(+/-) RAPD

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16
Q

T/F
Newborns have dilated pupils

A

F- constricted

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17
Q

T/F
Dyscoria is a condition called when pupil have different sizes

A

F- Anisocoria

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18
Q

T/F
Isocoria is a condition when pupil have abnormal shapes

A

F- Dyscoria

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19
Q

T/F
Isocoria is a condition called if there is a displacement of pupil from the center

A

F- Corectopia

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20
Q

T/F
Corectopia is a condition when pupil have same sizes

A

F- Isocoria

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21
Q

T/F
Purpose of checking the reflexes is to assess the integrity of the light and pupillary pathway

A

F- Visual

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22
Q

Purpose of the reflex

A

○ It controls the diameter of the pupil in response to intensity of light that falls on the retina of the eye
○ Greater intensity of light = smaller pupil = less light in
○ Lower intensity of light = larger pupil = more light in

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23
Q

Types of reflexes of the pupil

A

Direct light reflex
Indirect light reflex
Accommodative or near reflex
Orbicularis Oculi reflex
Ciliospinal reflex

24
Q

T/F
In direct light reflex, the stimulation of one retina by light produces contraction of the pupil on the opposite eye

A

F- same eye

25
T/F In indirect light reflex, the stimulation of one retina by light produces contraction in the same eye
F- opposite eye
26
T/F In direct light reflex, there is a constriction of the contralateral pupil to the light stimulus
F- ipsilateral
27
T/F In consensual light reflex, there is a constriction of the ipsilateral pupil to the light stimulus
F- contralateral
28
T/F In direct light reflex, the signal is passed to both sides of the midbrain so that light information given to one eye is passed on to both pupils equally
F- indirect
29
T/F In accommodative convergence reflex, the person looking at an object close to the face will cause contraction of the pupils
T
30
T/F In orbicularis oculi reflex, there is a ipsilateral constriction of the pupil followed by dilation after closure of eyelids
F- unilateral
31
Ciliospinal reflex is also known as
Platysmal reflex
32
T/F Ciliospinal reflex is a reflex that induces bilateral pupillary dilation to painful stimuli applied to the skin of the neck
T
33
T/F Ciliospinal reflex is mediated by first and second-order sympathetic nerves to the pupil dilator muscle
F- second and third-order
34
T/F Ciliospinal reflex is useful to differentiate central from peripheral sympathetic dysfunction
T
35
T/F Orbicularis oculi reflex is useful for the evaluation of suspected Horner’s syndrome and brain death
F- ciliospinal
36
T/F Ciliospinal reflex is more pronounced in sleep and in comatose patients
T
37
Purpose is to assess the afferent input from the retina, optic nerve, anterior visual pathways as well as efferent neurological pathways responsible for pupillary function
Pupil light reflex
38
Equipment used in pupil light reflex
Penlight or transilluminator Distance fixation traget (20/400 E)
39
T/F In pupil light reflex, dim and ambient illumination but permits clear view of both the px’s pupils
T
40
T/F In direct pupil reflex, eye practitioner is within 30 cm of the patient
25 cm
41
T/F In pupil light reflex, patient wears his habitual correction
F- patient removes spectacles
42
T/F In direct light reflex, the patient fixates on a distant object in a darkened room
F- semi darkened
43
T/F In direct light reflex, a penlight is used to illuminate each pupil taking care to direct the penlight toward the foveal area
F- macular
44
T/F In swinging flashlight test, the penlight is swinging for about 5-10 seconds
F- 1-5 sec.
45
When the pupil fails to constrict when illuminated this phenomenon is called the
Pupillary escape
46
T/F In order to detect pupil with marcus gunn, the consensual light reflex is more stronger than direct light reflex
T
47
Direct pathway
Retina Optic nerve Optic tract Pretectal nucleus Edinger westphal Preganglionic fiber of the oculomotor nerve Ciliary ganglion Postganglionic parasympathetic fiber of the oculomtor nerve Sphincter pupillae
48
Who is responsible for the efferent limb of pupillary reflex
Optic nerve
49
Who is responsible for the afferent limb of pupillary reflex
Oculomotor nerve
50
It is when both eyes converge, the intraocular lenses accommodate and both the pupils constrict upon the shift of fixation of the eye from far to near
Accommodation or pupil near reflex
51
Near reflex is also known as
Associated pupil reflex
52
T/F In neuronal pathway of the pupil near reflex, the pupil constriction to a bear stimulus involves activation of neurons in the rostral brain stem
T
53
In the light reflex, supranuclear input comes from the pretectal nucleus
T
54
T/F In pupil near reflex, supranuclear input comes from the cortical areas surrounding visual cortex and from cortical areas within the frontal eye
T
55
T/F The smaller the pupil, the greater the spherical and chromatic aberrations
F- lesser
56
T/F The smaller the pupil, the diffraction decreases
F- increases
57
Purpose is to test the responsiveness of the pupil to near viewing
Accommodative response of the pupil

Clinical Neuro-Optometry (5 decks)

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