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Clinical Neuro-Optometry > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of case history

A

Tentative diagnosis

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2
Q

Purpose of specific tests

A

Interpretation

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3
Q

Purpose of diagnosis

A

Management plan

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4
Q

Process of obtaining patient information regarding px’s visual and ocular problems

A

Case history

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5
Q

It allows for an organized discussion with patient

A

Case history

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6
Q

Time for px-examiner to get acquainted

A

Case history

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7
Q

Significance of case history

A
  1. To determine the nature of patient’s problem on patient’s visual and ocular health
  2. To use patient’s history and physical findings to form initial impression or differential diagnosis
  3. To gain baseline data to aid in accurate examination of patients in future
  4. To form good rapport with patient
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8
Q

Methods of history taking

A

Interview
Questionnaire
Combination of 1 and 2

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9
Q

Factors to observe during the history taking

A

Seating and body posture
Eye contact
Communication
Listening
Use of verbal and non-verbal reactions
Silence
Empathy and warmth

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10
Q

Basic components of case history: PATIENT PROFILE

A

Name
Age
Address
Occupation and hobby
Gender
Education

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11
Q

-for identification

-for communication

-forming a rapport w patient

-record maintenance

-psychological benefit

A

Name

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12
Q

-consider the condition of the patient that can possible affect eye health

-to determine the flow of examination (geriatric or pediatric)

-to adjusr your communication towrds the patient (use of basic words)

A

Age

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13
Q

diagnosis: prediction of different dse in both sexes

A

Gender

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14
Q

-predilection of diseases in different occupations

-type of lenses/ frame to be given

-amount og correction

A

Occupation and hobby

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15
Q

Primary concern or stimulus which primarily drives the px to seek visual and ocular assitance

A

Chief of complaint

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16
Q

Uncomfortable, painful, and irritable vision or a group of symptoms arising from any form of functional eye strain

A

Asthenopia

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17
Q

FOLDARQ

A

Frequency
Onset
Location
Duration
Associated symptoms
Relief
Quality

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18
Q

Basic components of case history

A
  1. patient profile
  2. chief complaunt FOLDARQ + signs and sympoms
  3. Occupational visual reqirements
  4. Recreational visual requirements + social visual requirements
  5. visual and ocular history
  6. general health history
  7. allergies to medications
  8. medication usage
  9. family eye and medical histories
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19
Q

abrupt on and off, more one CNS WHERE MYELIN SHEATH DETERIORATES. Myelin sheath is for communication.

A

Multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

inflammation of the blood vessels. blockage of blood in the central arteries in the retina. if may block sa blood flow ng mata, on and off ang vision sa patient.

A

Temporal arteritis

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21
Q

cholesterol plaque that blocks the arteries causes black out.

A

Carotid artery occlusive dse

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22
Q

clumping of the vitreous which could pull the retina.

A

Posterior vitreous detachment

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23
Q

light flashes can be experienced by patients with migraine with aura.

A

Migraine

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24
Q

Sensory information

A

Afferent

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25
Motor information
Efferent
26
Visual, auditory, somatosensory, chemoreceptors
Afferent
27
Outside stimuli to the CNS
Afferent
28
From stimuli, processed by CNS, to the efferent
Efferent
29
Contraction of skeletal muscle, movement through somatic NS, contraction of smooth muscle
Efferent
30
2 types of cells in NS
Neurons Synapses
31
Parts of the neurons
Cell body Dendrites Axon Axon hillock
32
Types of cell bodies
Nucleus Ganglion
33
Nerve fibers that receive signals from other neurons
Dendrites
34
Nerve fibers that send signals along to other neurons
Axon
35
Fatty protective sheath
Myelin sheath
36
Two neurons coming together
Synapse
37
A type of glial cells that are only present in the CNS
Astrocytes
38
Give structural and metabolic support to neurons
Astrocytes
39
Consists of tight junctions that connects the endothelial cells that line the capillaries in the brain
Blood brain barrier
40
Located within the cranial cavity and protected by the skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
Brain
41
Weight of male brain
1345 gms
42
Weight of female brain
1245 gms
43
Distinguishing factors of the brain
Gyri Sulci Fissures
44
Convultions of the brain (big wrinkles)
Gyri
45
Shallow grooves on the surface of the brain
Sulci
46
Deep grooves at the brain
Fissures
47
Located within the spinal cavity and protected by the vertebral/spinal column, meninges, and CSF
Spinal cord
48
Has voluntary innervation
Somatic nervous system
49
Has involuntary innervation
Autonomic nervous system
50
Skeletal system
SNS
51
The heart, intestines, liver, endocrine
ANS
52
It is where the pre and post ganglionic fibers synapse not a center of reflex action
Autonomic ganglia
53
More on relax, chill when reading, the eye accommodate
Parasympathetic outflow
54
Fight or flight
Sympathetic outflow
55
Components that make up the visual pathway (in order)
Retina Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate body Optic radations Visual cortex
56
Pupillary reflex pathway
Retina Optic nerve Optic tract Pre-tectal nucleus Edinger westphal nucleus Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Ciliary ganglion Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers Sphinter pupillae
57
Cross diagram that shows which muscle move when the eye moves
Benzene ring
58
One eye
Duction
59
both eyes. synchronous and symmetric movement of both eyes in the same direction
Version
60
synchronous and symmetric movement of both eyes in the opposite direction
Vergence
61
Movement of one eye inwards
Adduction
62
Movement of one eye outwards
Abduction
63
Movement of one eye upwards
Supraduction/anaduction/sursumduction
64
Infraduction/kataduction/deosursumduction
Movement of one eye downwards
65
Exycloduction
Movement of the vertical corneal meridian of one eye outward
66
Inclycloduction
Movement of the vertical corneal meridian of one eye inwards
67
Both eyes to the right
Dextroversion
68
Levoversion
Both eyes to the left
69
Both eyes looking upward
Supraversion
70
Both eyes looking downward
Infraversion
71
Both eyes to the right and up
Dextrosupraversion
72
Dextroinfraversion
Both eyes to the right and down
73
Both eyes to the left and up
Levosupraversion
74
Both eyes to the left and down
Levoinfraversion
75
Movement of both eyes inward
Convergence
76
Movement of both eyes outward
Divergence
77
It is positive that the right things are looking up, the right eye turn up and left eye turn down
Positive vertical divergence
78
Right eye turns down, left eye turns up
Negative vertical divergence
79
Primary muscle or main muscle
Agonist
80
Opposing muscle
Antagonist
81
Helping muscle or prime mover muscle
Synergist
82
The muscle that is the same with the agonist
Yoke muscle
83
Three distinct type of organs
Receptors Physiological connectors Effectors
84
Organs in which the irritability to environmental changes or stimuli is very highly developed
Receptors
85
Any structure capable or reacting when stimulated
Receptors
86
Mechanism of vision
Physical process Photo-chemical process Neuro-muscular process Psychological process
87
Impinging of an accident ray of light upon the eye and its transmission through various transparent media
Physical process
88
Transparent media of the eye
Precorneal tear film Cornea Aqueous humor Crystalline lens Vitreous humor Retina
89
Layers of the retina
RPE Photoreceptors External limiting membrane Outer nuclear layer Fibers of henle Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Inner plexiform layer Ganglion cell layer Nerve fiber layer Internal limiting membrane
90
Involves in transduction of light meaning the change of sensory stimulus to form o another
Photo-chemical process
91
Generation of the nerve impulse in the retina and its transmission by a chan of neuron to CNS
Neuro-muscular process
92
Primary visual cortex of the brain
Occipital lobe
93
Occipital lobe deals with what aspects of vision?
Distance Depth perception Color determination Object recognition Movement Face recognition Memory information
94
A part of the cerebral cortex that plays an important role in processing visual information
Visual cortex
95
Flow of visual information
V1: primary visual cortex V2: recognition V3: identification V4: categorization of the image V5: spatial attention
96
Relates to spatial understanding
Upper dorsal stream
97
Helps identify, recognize, and categorize what we see
Lower dorsal stream
98
Test for red-green color deficiency
Ishihara color test
99
The ability of the px to recognize the figure in contrast with the bg
Minimum visible/detection acuity
100
The ability of the individual to recognize two lines are separated
Minimum separable/resolution acuity
101
The threshold of the identification of letters
Minimum recognizable
102
The smallest angle subtended at the nodal point, the center of the entrance pupil
Minimum separable angle

Clinical Neuro-Optometry (5 decks)

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