PREGNANCY

Question 1

2 stages of fertilization and maturation of ovum

Answer 1

Primary Oocyte Stage
Secondary Oocyte Stage

Question 2

it is the surrounding layer of granulosa cells

Answer 2

CORONA RADIATA

Question 3

during ovulation what is expelled from the ovary into the Peritoneal Cavity?

Answer 3

ovum and its corona radiata

Question 4

opening of the fallopian tube is also called?

Answer 4

OSTIUM

Question 5

where does fertilization takes place?

Answer 5

FALLOPIAN TUBE

Question 6

Secreted by ovarian corpus luteum during latter half of each monthly sexual cycle. Converts endometrial stromal cells into large swollen cells

Answer 6

PROGESTERONE

Question 7

what is conceptus?

Answer 7

an embryo and its appendages

Question 8

Implantation of conceptus causes?

Answer 8

● Endometrial cells swells further and store more nutrients
● Now called the Decidual Cells & total mass is called the DECIDUA

Question 9

it form cords that grow into the endometrium

Answer 9

Trophoblast cells

Question 10

contains capillaries carrying fetal blood and they are surrounded by sinuses filled with maternal blood

Answer 10

placental villi

Question 11

it diffuses from maternal blood through the placental membranes and into the fetal blood

Answer 11

OXYGEN

Question 12

Mean PO2 for blood in the maternal sinuses?

Answer 12

50mmHg

Question 13

Mean PO2 in the venous end of the fetal capillaries?

Answer 13

30mmHg

Question 14

the driving force for the diffusion of oxygen from the maternal to the fetal blood

Answer 14

20mmHg pressure gradient

Question 15

Fetal Hgb (Hemoglobin) has greater affinity for Oxygen than adult Hgb. fetal is 50% greater than maternal (TRUE OR FALSE)

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

extremely soluble in biologic membranes and moves easily across layers of placenta

Answer 16

CARBON DIOXIDE

Question 17

Movement of metabolic substrates across the placenta occurs by the same mechanism that operate in other parts of the body

Answer 17

● Glucose – facilitated diffusion
● Fatty acids – simple diffusion
● Electrolytes (Na, K) – diffusion & active transport

Question 18

What are the 3 NPNs (nonprotein nitrogen)?

Answer 18

urea
uric acid
creatinine

Question 19

what are the HORMONES ESSENTIAL TO A NORMAL PREGNANCY?

Answer 19

1. Human chorionic gonadotropin
2. Estrogens
3. Progesterone
4. Human chorionic somatomammotropin

Question 20

These sex hormones prevent menstruation and cause the endometrium to continue to grow and store large amounts of nutrients rather than being shed in the menstruum.

Answer 20

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 21

made by cells formed in the placenta, which nourishes the egg after it has been fertilized and becomes attached to the uterine wall. Levels can be first be detected by a blood test

Answer 21

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 22

responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics. also made by the placenta during pregnancy to help maintain a healthy pregnancy

Answer 22

ESTROGEN

Question 23

Extreme quantities of estrogen causes?

Answer 23

1.Enlargement of the mother’s uterus
2. Enlargement of the mother’s breast and growth of the breast ductal structure
3. Enlargement of the mother’s female external genitalia

Question 24

made by ovaries and by the placenta during pregnancy. It stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining in anticipation of implantation of a fertilized egg

Answer 24

PROGESTERONE

Question 25

Effects of progesterone essential for the normal progression of pregnancy are?

Answer 25

1. decreases the contractility, thus preventing uterine contractions 2. contributes to the development of the conceptus even before implantation 3. helps the estrogen prepare the mother’s breasts for lactation

Question 26

Secreted by the placenta at about the fifth week of pregnancy. Causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased utilization of glucose in the mother

Answer 26

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

Question 27

a polypeptide that Cause relaxation of the pelvic ligaments. Soften the cervix of the pregnant woman at the time of delivery

Answer 27

RELAXIN

Question 28

WHAT ARE THE RESPONSE OF MOTHER’S BODY TO PREGNANCY?

Answer 28

❖ Uterus increases from about 50 grams to 1100 gram, and the breasts approximately double in size ❖ Vagina enlarges and the introitus opens more widely ❖ Also the various hormones can cause marked changes in a pregnant woman’s appearance

Question 29

What is The maternal blood volume?

Answer 29

30% above normal

Question 30

maternal blood volume is caused by?

Answer 30

➔ Aldosterone and estrogens ➔ Increased fluid retention ➔ Active bone marrow

Question 31

this produces extra red blood cells to go with the excess fluid volume

Answer 31

Active bone marrow

Question 32

Mother has about 1 to 2 liters of extra blood in her circulatory system (TRUE OR FALSE)

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

what is the Normal volume of amniotic fluid?

Answer 33

500 milliliters and 1 liter

Question 34

Large portion of the amniotic fluid is derived from?

Answer 34

renal excretion by the fetus

Question 35

facts about PREECLAMPSIA OR TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY

Answer 35

❖Rapid rise in arterial blood pressure to hypertensive levels during the last few months of pregnancy ❖ Associated with leakage of large amounts of protein into the urine ❖ Often characterized by excess salt and water retention ❖ Weight gain and development of edema and hypertension

Question 36

ECLAMPSIA is Characterized by?

Answer 36

➔ Vascular spasm throughout the body ➔ Clonic seizures in the mother ➔ Sometimes coma ➔ Greatly decreased kidney output ➔ Malfunction of the liver ➔ Often extreme hypertension ➔ Generalized toxic condition of the body

Question 37

Increased uterine excitability near term. It Means birth of the baby

Answer 37

PARTURITION

Question 38

2 major categories of effects lead up to the intense contractions responsible for parturition

Answer 38

1. Progressive hormonal changes that cause increased excitability of the uterine musculature 2. Progressive mechanical changes

Question 39

Hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis that specifically causes uterine contraction

Answer 39

OXYTOCIN

Question 40

Mechanical factors that increase uterine contractility are?

Answer 40

➔ Stretch of the uterine musculature ➔ Stretch or irritation of the cervix

Question 41

weak and slow rhythmical contractions

Answer 41

Braxton Hicks contractions

Question 42

strong contractions that result in final parturition

Answer 42

Labor contractions

Question 43

stretching of the cervix by the fetus’s head; pushes the baby forward, which stretches the cervix more

Answer 43

Positive feedback theory

Question 44

For 10 to 45 minutes after birth of the baby, the uterus continues to contract to a smaller size (TRUE OR FALSE)

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

Give the 4 stages of labor

Answer 45

A. First stage (Stage of Cervical Dilation) B. Second stage (Stage of Expulsion) C. Third stage (Placental Stage) D. Fourth stage (Maternal Homeostatic Stabilization Stage)

Question 46

begins with onset of regular contractions and ends with complete dilation

Answer 46

First stage (Stage of Cervical Dilation) ➔ Latent (0-3 cm) → Active (4-7 cm) → Transitional (8-10 cm)

Question 47

Begins with complete cervical dilation and ends with delivery of fetus

Answer 47

Second stage (Stage of Expulsion)

Question 48

Begins immediately after fetus was born and ends when placenta is delivered

Answer 48

Third stage (Placental Stage)

Question 49

Begins after the delivery of the placenta and continues for one to four hours after delivery

Answer 49

Fourth stage (Maternal Homeostatic Stabilization Stage)