Pregnancy/Loss/Misalliance/Dystocia

Question 1

When should you advise an owner to switch a pregnant dog from adult food to all life stages or puppy food?

Answer 1

(At the pregnancy check at 28 days)

Question 2

Progesterone needs to be greater than what value to maintain pregnancy in a dog?

Answer 2

(>2ng/ml)

Question 3

What day of pregnancy should fenbendazole deworming occur?

Answer 3

(41 days)

Question 4

What day of pregnancy should prewhelping radiographs be taken?

Answer 4

(56 days)

Question 5

What day of pregnancy should the ultrasound pregnancy check be performed?

Answer 5

(28 days)

Question 6

If a dog presents for a pregnancy check at 28 days and you note resorption sites, what should you do next?

Answer 6

(Optimally you would have already done a thorough physical exam and if not, do one now; if dog appears systemically fine, have them come back in a few days for another check to see if resorption is progressing or not, if it is then further diagnostics are called for)

Question 7

(T/F) Physiologic embryonic resorption does not affect normal litter size.

Answer 7

(T, occurs when there is genetic abnormality of an embryo or if there is overcrowding)

Question 8

What are some bacterial causative agents of embryonic resorption/abortion? 8 answers, definitely don’t need to get them all.

Answer 8

(Brucella canis, E. coli, Staph, Strep, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma)

Question 9

What are some viral causative agents of embryonic resorption/abortion? 4 answers, definitely don’t need to get them all

Answer 9

(Canine herpes virus 1, parvovirus, distemper, canine adenovirus 1)

Question 10

Progesterone slowly increases/decreases (choose) as pregnancy progresses in dogs.

Answer 10

(Decreases, usually >20ng/ml for first half and >5ng/ml for second half)

Question 11

When monitoring a dog that is close to whelping, she will whelp within 24 hours of her temperature reaching what value?

Answer 11

(99 F)

Question 12

(T/F) You should confirm pregnancy prior to using prostaglandin treatment to terminate a potential pregnancy.

Answer 12

(T)

Question 13

How long can you wait after a misalliance to spay a dog?

Answer 13

(2 weeks, want to wait for heat to end but not too long as to complicate the surgery)

Question 14

(T/F) Embryo implantation occurs around day 19-21 in dogs, aglepristone must be given prior to that point to work.

Answer 14

(F, aglepristone can be given up to 45 days after a misalliance occurs, if it is given prior to implantation, it prevent implantation and if it is given after, it induces resorption)

Question 15

The first stage of labor usually lasts 6-12 hours but may be longer in what cases?

Answer 15

(Primiparous bitches)

Question 16

The second stage of labor usually lasts 2-12 hours but may last up to 24 hours in what cases?

Answer 16

(Large litters)

Question 17

What is the normal presentation of chorioallantoic fluid?

Answer 17

(Clear yellow fluid)

Question 18

(T/F) Lochia should not pass prior to the first puppy being born.

Answer 18

(T, this is a sign of dystocia)

Question 19

Greater than what time interval between puppies is a sign of dystocia?

Answer 19

(>2-3 hours)

Question 20

What are two ways to approximately age fetuses in utero when the breeding may not have been well managed, and when in gestation can those methods be used?

Answer 20

(Biparietal diameter during late gestation and inner chorionic cavity diameter in early gestation)

Question 21

(T/F) It is never normal for a fetus to have a heart rate below 190-200.

Answer 21

(F, can be normal during active uterine contractions but if there are no contractions, then it is abnormal)

Question 22

What two things do you look for to indicate appropriate fetal maturity, which can develop anywhere from 1-4 days prior to whelping?

Answer 22

(Continuous fetal GI peristalsis and clear corticomedullary distinction in the kidneys)

Question 23

Medical dystocia management should only be pursued when there are how many puppies left to deliver?

Answer 23

(2-4, 2 is Dr. Balogh’s suggestion but a textbook says 4)

Question 24

Why can putting the delivered puppies on a dam to nurse aid in the birth of additional puppies?

Answer 24

(Triggers the release of oxytocin)

Question 25

What are the normal signs of the first stage of labor and how long can it last before it is considered abnormal?

Answer 25

(Normal signs are nesting, panting, and anorexia and it can last up to 18 hours)

Question 26

After you note the body temperature of a bitch drops, there should be labor signs within what time period otherwise you should call a vet?

Answer 26

(Should be labor signs within 24 hours of temp drop and if that doesn’t start, call a vet)

Question 27

What is the maximum time stage two should take for the first puppy versus the subsequent puppies?

Answer 27

(First puppy should be out in an hour once active labor begins, subsequent puppies should be out in 30 minutes; if time goes over in either of those cases, call a vet)

Question 28

If it takes longer than what time for a bitch to start labor again between puppies, you should call a vet?

Answer 28

(>3 hours between puppies)

Question 29

Anytime what two types of discharge are seen associated with whelping, a vet should be called immediately?

Answer 29

(Black discharge or a moderate to large amount of fresh blood)

Question 30

What three things are caused by administration of prostaglandins?

Answer 30

(Luteolysis, myometrial contractions, and cervical dilation)

Question 31

In what scenarios is 10% calcium gluconate administered to whelping bitches?

Answer 31

(It she is hypocalcemia or in a eucalcemic dam 15 minutes prior to administering oxytocin to help with contractions)

Question 32

How many times can oxytocin be used per puppy?

Answer 32

(1-2x)

Question 33

What is the maximum dose per dog per whole treatment of oxytocin?

Answer 33

(20IU)

Question 34

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Obstruction with an abnormal fetal presentation/position/posture or fetal size

Answer 34

(Medical and c-section viable options)

Question 35

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Obstruction due to abnormal birth canal

Answer 35

(C-section only viable option)

Question 36

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Primary uterine inertia

Answer 36

(C-section)

Question 37

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Secondary uterine inertia with an obstruction

Answer 37

(Medical and c-section viable options)

Question 38

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Secondary uterine inertia without an obstruction

Answer 38

(Medical and c-section viable options)