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HBM > Pregnancy to Preschool > Flashcards

Pregnancy to Preschool Flashcards

1
Q

Years of Infancy

A

Birth-18 months

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2
Q

Years of Infancy

A

Birth-18 months

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3
Q

Years of Toddler

A

18 months- 3 years

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4
Q

Preschool Years

A

3-6 years

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5
Q

Organizational perspective

A

Human is holistic, an integrated system, all areas of development are in continual interaction with one another

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6
Q

Development is hierarchical

A

Psychological growth is a process of increasing complexity; new structures emerge out of those that came before

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7
Q

Stage salient issues

A

Tasks at each stage of development must be mastered, their effects are carried forward to the next stage of development

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8
Q

Premature Birth

A
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9
Q

Very premature birth

A
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10
Q

Rate of C sections

A

31.8%

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11
Q

APGAR score

A 
A- appearance (color) (blue?pink?)
P- pulse (heartbeat) (slow? rapid?)
G- grimace (reflexes? cough?
A- activity (muscle tone) (strong? active?)
R- respiration (irregular? good?)
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12
Q

When is APGAR evaluated

A

1 min after birth and then again 7 min after

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13
Q

Years of Toddler

A

18 months- 3 years

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14
Q

Preschool Years

A

3-6 years

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15
Q

Organizational perspective

A

Human is holistic, an integrated system, all areas of development are in continual interaction with one another

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16
Q

Development is hierarchical

A

Psychological growth is a process of increasing complexity; new structures emerge out of those that came before

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17
Q

Stage salient issues

A

Tasks at each stage of development must be mastered, their effects are carried forward to the next stage of development

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18
Q

Premature Birth

A
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19
Q

Very premature birth

A
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20
Q

Rate of C sections

A

31.8%

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21
Q

APGAR score

A 
A- appearance (color) (blue?pink?)
P- pulse (heartbeat) (slow? rapid?)
G- grimace (reflexes? cough?
A- activity (muscle tone) (strong? active?)
R- respiration (irregular? good?)
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22
Q

When is APGAR evaluated

A

1 min after birth and then again 7 min after

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23
Q

Range of APGAR scores

A

10- highest

>7- no imminent survival threat

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24
Q

Rooting reflex

A

infant moves head in direction of nipple or anything that touches it cheek

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25
Q

Sucking reflex

A

will suck to gain nourishment

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26
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

A

will grip any object put into his palm

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27
Q

Moro reflex

A

limbs extend when child is startled

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28
Q

Babinski reflex

A

dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked

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29
Q

When should reflexes disappear?

A

Within the first few postnatal months

persistence after a year might indicate neurological dysfunction

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30
Q

Factors associated with premature birth

A

Low income
lack of good prenatal care
Being Hispanic (2x higher)
Delayed childbearing/increased maternal age

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31
Q

Baby blues

A

50-75% experience it

related to physical changes, fatigue, neurological events, changes in hormonal levels, social and psychological factors (ie: perceived lack of social support, emotional stress of childbirth)

usually resolved on their own during the few weeks after delivery

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32
Q

Peripartum Depression

A 
Major depression (more intense and frequent)
Mood disorder characterized by feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, suicidal thoughts, psychotic symptoms

onset: during pregnancy or in 4 weeks after delivery

Occurs in 10-13% new mothers

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33
Q

Peripartum Depression with Psychotic features

A

Hallucinations (false perceptions) or delusions (false beliefs) may occur

Command hallucinations- perceived voices instruct mother to harm child

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34
Q

Postpartum Psychosis

A

Very rare
Hallucinations, delusions, psychotic symptoms occurring in the absence of mood symptoms

Begins in postpartum month and lasts for up to 1 month

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35
Q

Motor Development

A

Cephalad to caudad: head to legs

Central to peripheral: arms to fingers

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36
Q

Social Development

A

from self involvement to involvement with others

37
Q

Cognitive Development

A

understanding language to expressing language to taking perspective of others

38
Q

Tempermant

A

innate traits shown in response to the environment which remain quite stable for at least the first 25 years of life

-activity level, reactivity to stimuli, sleep patterns, reactions to people, mood

39
Q

Easy Children

A

innate traits shown in response to the environment which remain quite stable for at least the first 25 years of life

low risk for psychopathology

40
Q

Difficult Children

A

innate traits shown in response to the environment which remain quite stable for at least the first 25 years of life

41
Q

Slow to warm up children

A

show traits of difficult children at first, but adapt and improve over time as their social contact increases

42
Q

Erik Erikson

A

“critical periods” for achievement of goals throughout life

Birth-1yr trust vs mistrust
1-3 yrs autonomy vs shame and doubt 
3-6 yrs initiave vs guilt
7-11 yrs industry vs inferiority 
12-18 yrs identity vs role confustion
Young adult Intimacy vs. isolation 
Adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation 
Maturity Integrity vs. despair
43
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

development in terms of parts of the body from which most pleasure is derived at each stage

Birth-1 yr. (oral stage) 
1-3 yrs (anal stage) 
3-6 yrs (Phallic stage) 
7-11 yrs (Latency) 
12-18 yrs (Genital)
44
Q

Jean Piaget

A

cognitive capabilities; related to neurological maturity; Children think in qualitatively different ways as they develop

Birth-2yrs
Sensorimotor period
perception/action

2-6 yrs
Preoperational period
thoughts egocentric

7-11 years
Concrete operational
logical thinking; concrete

12-adult
Formal operational
abstract thinking

45
Q

Assimilation

A

we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas (modify experience or information somewhat to fit in with our pre-existing beliefs)

46
Q

Accommodation

A

ltering one’s existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences

47
Q

Margaret Mahler

A

early development is about the process of separation of child from mother or primary caregiver –> influences late relationships

48
Q

Social smile

A

INFANCY

first marker of social responsiveness, between 1-2 months of life (at birth babies have reflexive smile)

49
Q

When does special responsiveness to mother occur?

A

4-6 months

50
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

starts around 9 months of age; can be seen

as adaptive

51
Q

Object permanence

A

@ 1 year

concept that objects or people out of one’s sight continue to exist

52
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

is normal, child realizes mother still exists when absent, and vocally tries to get to her

53
Q

Importance of Attachment

A

Males more vulnerable to this isolation than females

Length of time of separation crucial; less than 6 month separation, monkeys could be rehabilitated, in those separated for more than 6 months, rehabilitation wasn’t possible

Children in orphanages with restrictive isolation (left in cribs) demonstrated severe developmental retardation

54
Q

Reactive attachment disorder

A

Unstable home environment or institutionalization has prevented the child from forming a normal reciprocal attachment to the caregiver, resulting in abnormal behavior

child is very closed off

55
Q

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

A

Child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults and shows inappropriate verbal or physical behaviors

Child has experienced social neglect or deprivation or repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments

56
Q

Motor Characteristics 0-2 months

A

Follows objects with eyes

lifts head lying prone

57
Q

Motor Characteristics 2-3 months

A

Lifts shoulders lying prone

58
Q

Motor Characteristics 4-6 months

A

Turns over; reaches for objects; grasps with hand

59
Q

Motor Characteristics 7-11 months

A

Sits unassisted (6-8)

Crawls

Pulls to stand (10)

Uses pincer grasp; transfers objects from hand to hand

60
Q

Motor Characteristics 12-15

A

Walks unassisted

61
Q

Motor characteristics 1.5 years

A

stacks 3 blocks
can throw ball
scribbles
climbs stairs one foot at a time

62
Q

Motor characteristics 2 years

A

Kick ball
Can undress
Uses utensils to eat
Copies aline

63
Q

Motor characteristics 3 years

A 
Rides a Tricycle
uses scissors
dresses herself almost autonomously
climbs stairs with alternate feet
can copy a circle
64
Q

Social characteristics 1.5 years

A

Moves away from and then toward mother

65
Q

Social characteristics 2 years

A

Parallel play

Shows negativity

66
Q

Social characteristics 3 years

A

Gender identity developed Achieves toilet training

Can separate from mother

67
Q

Verbal/Cognitive characteristics 1.5 years

A

Uses approximately 10 words

68
Q

Verbal/Cognitive characteristics 2 years

A 
Uses 250 words and 2 word sentences 
Names body parts
Points to objects in books
Uses pronouns
Speech understood primarily by
family
69
Q

Verbal/Cognitive characteristics 3 years

A

Uses about 900 words
Speaks in complete sentences
Speech understandable by others
Identifies some colors

70
Q

Major points for preschool child

A

Attachment and separation Social interaction increases Vocabulary increases

Imaginary friends
Specific fears are common (e.g., bugs, strange objects, monsters, the dark)
Nighttime struggles often begin at this stage

Behavioral Insomnia of Childhood

71
Q

Motor characteristics 4 years

A

Can draw simple person
Can fasten buttons, zippers
Combs hair, brushes teeth Hops on one foot

72
Q

Motor characteristics 5 years

A

Draws a person in detail Skips

Catches ball with two hands Can copy a square

73
Q

Motor Characteristics 6 years

A

Ties shoes
Rides a bicycle
Prints letters Copies a triangle

74
Q

Social characteristics 4 years

A

Overly concerned about illness/injury
Curiosity about bodily function
Nightmares/phobias common
Imaginary friends

75
Q

Social characteristics 5 years

A

Plays cooperatively with others

76
Q

Social characteristics 6 years

A

Develops internalized sense of right and wrong Understands finality of death

77
Q

Verbal characteristics 4 years

A

Good verbal self expression Comprehends prepositions
*DOES NOT SHOW PIAGET’S
CONSERVATION OF MASS SKILLS YET!

78
Q

Verbal characteristics 5 years

A

More complex verbal and cognitive

79
Q

Verbal characteristics 6 years

A

Begins to read
Begins to think logically
Joke telling

80
Q

Elimination Disorder

A

Preschool

repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed or on the floor

81
Q

Enuresis

A

repeated involuntary or intentional bed wetting or wetting clothes; must be 5 years old to receive diagnosis; may be triggered by a stressful event, like starting school, or family problems

Prevalence decreases with age

82
Q

Encopresis

A

Defecating into one’s clothing

usually starts after age 4, affects about 1% of 5 year olds

83
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

84
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder- Psychological Causes

A

Failure to develop a “theory of mind”

85
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder- Biological Causes

A

Possible genetic factor in this disorder; chromosomal abnormalities? Prenatal difficulties?

86
Q

Brain scans- autism

A

increased brain volume and abnormalities in the brain stem, and amygdala

educed activity in the temporal and frontal lobes

87
Q

Rett Syndrome

A

Diminished social, verbal, and cognitive development
after up to 4 years of normal functioning

Stereotyped, hand-wringing movements, breathing problems, mental retardation, psychomotor abnormalities

Seen almost exclusively in girls (gene responsible for Rett’s is X-linked, most males die)

88
Q

Childhood Disintegrative disorder

A

diminished social, verbal, cognitive, and motor development after 2 to 10 years of normal functioning

More common in boys

89
Q

Anxiety Disorders in Preschoolers

A

Separation Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Specific Phobias

HBM (7 decks)

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