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Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the individualistic approaches?

A

The authoritarian personality
Social dominance orientation

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2
Q

What is the authoritarian personality?

A

Based on Freudian psychodynamic theories (father is the central parent to propelling children to prejudice, father figures are authoritarian and breaking the rules will result in punishment,
Influence from childhood and parents
Frustration is displaced to vulnerable groups in society

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3
Q

What were the characteristics of AP due to autocratic child rearing?

A

Ethnocentrism, intolerance of Jewish people, AA, other ethnic minorities groups, pessimism, cynical view of human nature, conservative political and economic attitudes and a suspicion of democracy

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4
Q

Who found the limitations of AP?

A

Pettigrew 1958
Minard 1952

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5
Q

What did Pettigrew look at?

A

Tested the authoritarian personality theory in a cross-cultural comparison between South Africa and the southern and northern United States.

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6
Q

What did Pettigrew find?

A

He found that although white people from South Africa and the southern United States were significantly more racist than those from the northern United States, they did not differ in how authoritarian their personalities were

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7
Q

What did Minard find?

A

Found that 60% of miners shifted from racist to non-racist attitudes in response to situational norms

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8
Q

Who created the F-scale?

A

Adorno

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9
Q

What is the F-scale?

A

A scale that measures susceptibility to authoritarian, fascist ideologies, particularly in the wake of World War II and the rise of Nazism.

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10
Q

What indicate an authoritarian personality on the F-scale?

A

Obedience and respect for authority
Aggression towards deviant groups

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11
Q

Who made the RWA?

A

Altemeyer

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12
Q

What is the RWA?

A

Collective of attitudes with 3 components: conventionalist, authoritarian aggression and authoritarian submission

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13
Q

What is conventionalist?

A

Adherence to societal conventions endorsed by established authorities,

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14
Q

What is authoritarian aggression?

A

Support for aggression towards social deviants

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15
Q

What is authoritarian submission?

A

Submission to society’s established authorities

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16
Q

What are some RWA scale items?

A

Established authorities are generally right about things but radicals show off their ignorance
Women should obey their husbands
Countries need leadership that will destroy radical ideas
Trust for the judgement of proper authorities

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17
Q

Who looked at RWA and SDO in regards to dehumanisation?

A

Lindén et al (2016)

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18
Q

What did Lindén find?

A

Those high in SDO and RWA justify torture as based on perceived threats and a means to exert power
SDO= associated with dehumanisation

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19
Q

Who made social dominance orientation?

A

Sidanius and Pratto

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20
Q

What is social dominance orientation?

A

People who desire their own group to be dominant and superior to outgroups
These kinds of people are more inclined to be prejudiced

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21
Q

Who looked at SDO?

A

Milfont et al 2013

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22
Q

What did Milfont et al find?

A

People with a high social dominance orientation have low environmental concern and are more willing to dominate and exploit the natural environment, and this is independent of other correlates such as authoritarianism and political ideology

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23
Q

What is a critique of SDO?

A

SD orientation is highly responsive to situational and more enduring feature of the intergroup context

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24
Q

What are sample items measuring SDO?

A

Some people are simply inferior to other groups
It is okay if some groups have more of a chance in life than others
To get ahead it is necessary to step on other groups
If certain groups stayed in their place we would have fewer groups

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25
Who looked at US stereotypes of the Japanese in 1933?
Katz & Braly 1933
26
What are the stereotypes in 1933?
Intelligent, industrious, progressive, shrewd, sly
27
Who looked at US stereotypes of the Japanese in 1951?
Gilbert, 1951
28
What are the US stereotypes of the Japanese in 1951?
Imitative, sly, extremely nationalistic, treacherous
29
Who made realistic conflict theory?
Sherif
30
What is realistic conflict theory?
A social psychological theory that explains prejudice, intergroup conflict, and discrimination as the result of competition over limited resources—like jobs, power, territory, or social status.
31
Who did the robber cave study?
Sherif et al
32
What is the procedure of the robber cave study?
3 field experiments over 5 year period White 12 year old boys in U.S.A., ‘well-adjusted’ Split into two groups and a competition for scarce resources introduced
33
What is the findings of the robber cave study?
Led to prejudice, violence, in-group preference, physically dominant leaders, ‘us versus them’ mentality Personality is not an adequate explanation
34
Who evaluated realistic conflict theory?
Blake & Mouton 1962
35
What did Blake and Mouton do?
Trainee managers split into small groups and given a group task, manifested in-group preference
36
What did Blake & Mouton find?
Difficult to prove negative interdependence is the main cause of prejudice & group conflict
37
Who made social identity theory?
Tajfel & Turner
38
What is social identity theory?
Explains how and why people develop ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination based on their group memberships
39
What are the principles of social identity theory?
Social categorisation Social identification Positive distinction Social Comparison
40
What is social categorisation?
We naturally categorise people (and ourselves) into groups
41
What is social comparison?
We compare our group to others, usually in a way that makes our group look better. This helps us maintain a positive self-image.
42
What is positive distinction?
The motivation to favour one's ingroup over outgroups to maintain or enhance self-esteem.
43
What is social identification?
We adopt the identity of the group we belong to. We see our group’s norms, values, and traits as part of ourselves.
44
Who looked at minimal group studies?
Tajfel et al 1971
45
What did minimal group studies find?
‘Ingroup favouritism ’ = mixture of maximum ingroup profit and maximum difference Replicated in other countries (e.g. USA, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, with adults and students)
46
What did Mummendey et al 1992 find?
SIT may not explain hostility on allocating punishments instead of rewards
47
What did Otten & Wentura 1999 find?
SIT probably activates unconscious processes
48
Why can prejudice and conflict occur in SIT?
When people in groups strive to be positively distinct from others and perceive collective injustice When social identity is perceived to be threatened by outgroups; defensive reactions can spark prejudice and discrimination
49
What are the biases in social-information processing?
Stereotype biases Memory distortions
50
Who looked at stereotype biases?
Linville (1982) Quattrone (1986)
51
What did Linville 1982 find?
Individuals who perceive more traits and variation within groups are less likely to stereotype negatively. People who see outgroups as homogeneous show stronger biases.
52
Explain Linville's findings
People who think about social groups (or individuals) in simpler ways are more likely to hold stronger stereotypes. Those with greater complexity in how they perceive people are less likely to stereotype rigidly.
53
What did Quattrone 1986 find?
Looked at out group homogeneity effect People tend to see members of their own group (ingroup) as diverse and unique, but see members of other groups (outgroups) as all the same. This cognitive bias helps explain why stereotypes about outgroups form and persist
54
Who looked at memory distortions?
Howard & Rothbart 1980
55
What did Howard & Rothbart find?
Recall fewer negative statements about the ingroup than about outgroups
56
Who made self-categorisation theory?
Turner et al
57
What is self-categorisation theory?
How individuals classify themselves and others into various social groups. Highlights multiple levels of self-categorisation, from personal identity to various social identities.
58
Who looked at the core principles of SCT?
Hornsey
59
What are the core principles of SCT?
Meta-contrast principle Depersonalisation Context-dependent categorisation
60
What is meta-contrast principle?
Individuals accentuate similarities within groups and differences between groups.
61
What is depersonalisation?
Adopting the prototypical characteristics of a group, leading to group-based behaviour.
62
What is context-dependent categorisation?
The salience of particular self-categorisations varies depending on the social context.
63
Who looked at the levels of SCT?
Abram & Hogg 1990
64
What are the levels of SCT?
Superordinate level Intermediate level Subordinate level
65
What is the superordinate level?
Emphasising human identity.
66
What is the intermediate level?
Focusing on social identity based on group memberships.
67
What is the subordinate level?
Pertaining to personal identity and individual differences.
68
What are the criticisms of Hornsey?
Overemphasis on Group Factors: Critics argue that individual differences and interpersonal relationships may be underrepresented. Complexity: The interplay of multiple identities and contextual factors can complicate predictions.
69
What is outgroup homogeneity effect?
Perceiving members of outgroups as more similar to each other than members of the ingroup, which can reinforce stereotypes and biases.
70
What is ingroup favouritism?
The tendency to preferentially treat and positively evaluate members of one's own group over those of outgroups.
71
What is intergroup discrimination?
Behaviours and attitudes that disadvantage outgroups, often as a means to enhance or protect the ingroup's status and distinctiveness.
72
Who looked at the cognitive underpinnings of grouopcohesion?
Abrams & Hogg
73
What are the cognitive underpinnings of group cohesion?
Shared Social Identity Influence on Communication Resistance to Dissent
74
What is shared social identity?
A common group identity fosters unity and collective purpose among members.
75
What is influence on communication?
Members are more likely to engage in open and supportive communication within the ingroup.
76
What is resistance to dissent?
Strong group cohesion can sometimes suppress individual opinions that deviate from group norms.
77
What is group polarisation?
Refers to the tendency for group discussions to lead to decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of group members.
78
Who looked at the mechanisms of group polarisation?
Abrams & Hogg
79
What are the mechanisms of group polarisation?
Social comparison Persuasive argument
80
What is social comparison
Individuals adjust their opinions to align with perceived group norms.
81
What is persuasive argument?
Exposure to compelling arguments supporting a particular position can strengthen individual stances.
82
What are the implications of group polarisation?
Can intensify group attitudes, leading to more extreme positions and potentially riskier decisions.
83
Who found the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Dollard et al 1939
84
What is the FA hypothesis?
Frustration leads to aggression and aggressive behaviour presupposes the existence of aggression Theory grounded in psychodynamic assumption of fixed amount of psychic energy Catharsis
85
What is the process of FA hypothesis?
Goal achievement is impeded=psychic energy is activated=system is in a state of psychological disequilibrium that is corrected by aggression
86
What can prevent aggression?
If target is amorphous, indeterminate, too powerful, unavailable or someone you love
87
Who looked at FA?
Miller & Bugelski
88
What did Miller & Bugelski find?
Men at summer camp, goals were frustrated by authorities, attitudes to two minority grouos deteriorated as a consequence of frustration
89
What are criticisms of FA?
Burnstein & McRae Reductionist as it doesn't focus on all aspects of prejudice (can only explain a limited subset of intergroup aggression Miller et al
90
What did Miller et al find?
Aggression doesn’t need frustration
91
What did Burnstein & McRae find?
Doing badly in a test can reduce prejudice

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