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Social Psychology > Prejudice/ Discrimination > Flashcards

Prejudice/ Discrimination Flashcards

1
Q

What are:

Highly organised cognitive representations of thoughts and ideas

Provides a framework for future understanding

Organised around a central representation.

A

A Schema

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2
Q

What term is used to describe widely shared generalisations about members of a social group?

A

A stereotype -Not necessarily negative or wrong

Underlying cognitive structures (schemas) that shape our judgments and perceptions

We have key central traits of specific stereotypes that lead to impressions made

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2
Q

What is a stereotypes function?

A

to organise and facilitate the processing of information
about members of different social/ ethnic groups

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2
Q

The 2 main functions of stereotypes can be?

A

Cognitive
and
Motivational

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2
Q

Name a Motivational functions of stereotypes:

A

Maintenance of positive self-esteem
-for social identity/ self concept
-through comparison with
less competence others

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2
Q

Name 2 cognitive functions of stereotypes:

A

Saves energy
-simplifies thought about social world

Makes predictions
-category to make dispositional inferences
about others

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3
Q

Which type of trait is used when we initially meet someone and we are forming a stereotype?

A

Central

Attention is greatest when making first (initial) impressions
As we want to understand them

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3
Q

The Illusory correlation suggests how we can form what?

A

a stereotype

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3
Q

When we encounter info that contrasts our stereotypes
we are more likely to disregard that info
due to effort
in order to maintain the original stereotype

Which model is this referring to?

A

Configuration model

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3
Q

When we pair minority groups (less of them)
with a negative event/ behaviour (occurs less)

-This is an example of what?

A

Illusory correlation
-Paired distinctiveness

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3
Q

Illusory correlation

A

When 2 uncommon events occur at the same time, we pair them together as causation

I reality = relationship is non-existent/
exaggerated

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3
Q

Asch argues we have what 2 types of traits in relation to stereotypes?

A

Central
and
Peripheral Traits

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3
Q

What are issues with the Theory of Illusory correlation?
A03:

Instead it could be a cognitive?

A

Only works with memory based judgements

As it is based on previous examples showing, we collect evidence toward this belief

Could be a cognitive bias to process information
allowing us to reason logically

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3
Q

What type of trait is considered important for:

understanding a persons characteristics/
who they are?

Focusing on information?

Highly motivated to process info?

A

Central trait

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3
Q

Which type of impressions will have the most
likelihood of impacting a stereotype of you?

A

Accounting for the primacy - recency effect

First and most recent impressions

Earliest impressions affect meaning on later impressions

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3
Q

What type of trait is considered less important as:

Less motivation needed
to understand someone’s character

As extra info is not necessary to align/ reflect
the stereotype

A

Peripheral Trait

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4
Q

Model of unified impression formation:
Describe both models

-Algebraic model
-Configuration model

A

Algebraic model
-Average info received
each time a new trait is revealed, we add it to more examples of traits

Configuration model
-Some aspects dominate the field of your impression

Cognitive dissonance can change your stereotype

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4
Q

When we encounter information that matches
our stereotype we process it quickly adding it
the stereotypes we collect

Which model is this referring to?

A

Algebraic model

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4
Q

Has the negativity of stereotypes changed over time?

A

Yes, negativity has gone down
but not the stereotype itself

people are reluctant to say explicit
expressions of negative stereotypes

There is an increase in consensus

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4
Q

When are we most likely to stereotype
people into categories?

A

In ambiguous situations,
social tenstion,
and conflict situations

acquired at an early age, it reduces uncertainty to predict organisation in the social world

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4
Q

Why have the negativity of stereotypes changed over time?

A

Structural and societal changes

and

Increased intergroup contact
contact with other groups remove prejudice

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4
Q

Incongruent stereotype words cause people to be slower and more effortful in their processing

True of False?

A

True

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5
Q

Process of a stereotype category
of people:

A

Activate belief that all members of this group behave in same way
Infer that individual member must posses stereotypical characteristics of the category
Respond to individual on this basis

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5
Q

Stereotype content model identifies what 2 things
that are essential/ universal principles
regarding aspects of content?

A

Perceived Status -> Competence.
Competition -> Warmth. both central

Primary dimensions of warmth and competence underlie emotional and behavioural responses

But different combinations produce different
responses

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6
Q

Stereotype content model:
what are the 4 main contents of behaviour?

A

Active -pity
Passive -disgust
Facilitative -pride
and
Harmful -envy
behaviour

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6
Q

Which type of bias is a universal feature of social cognition,
which varies by individual and group?

Cannot control

A

Implicit Bias

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7
Q

Do Implicit biases show a preference for
ingroup or outgroup?

A

Ingroup

We have an ingroup preference and
an outgroup dis-preference
especially against dis-advantaged groups

we have an implicit preference for majority group members rather than minority group members

8
Q

Our ingroup preference will reflect what in society?

A

Reflects social desirability in society
(dominant social construct)

9
Q

Implicit Associations Test on ingroup preference:

Results are driven by which 2 categories:

shows everyone is a little racist
It is stronger than self report methods

A

Own race preference or
Universal race preference

10
Q

What are problems with the IAT?
(Implicit Associations Task)

A

Confusion on whether it shows
personal attitude or
cultural knowledge

11
Q

What does it mean when companies hire employees homogenously?

A

Prejudice in selection of workers

They want a cultural fit, so they hire people who
show similar features who already work there.

But more diverse companies = more profit
so the companies above are being silly

12
Q

If we reduce Implicit Bias, there is a chance
what may be increased?

A

Inequality may increase

a loss of ‘merit’.
Uneven culture within the organisation.
In-group members may be upset that they
have lost their favoritism (benefits)

13
Q

Are people equally aware of stereotypes?

Participants with low and high prejudice will be more stereotypical of a person after what process?

A

Yes

Stereotype priming

13
Q

People with high prejudice report primarily
positive or negative traits?

A

Negative traits

14
Q

People with low prejudice report

A

Beliefs that contradict cultural stereotypes
and emphasize equality

14
Q

Is there Subconscious priming of Black stereotype to lesser or greater degree?

A

A greater degree, participants showed implicit bias toward target group they were primed to evaluate

15
Q

Some are motivated to inhibit automatic stereotype and replace them with equality relevant thoughts.

Who is more likely to act along these lines,
those with high or low prejudice?

A

Those with Low Prejudice

16
Q

Bigots’ categorical associations (someone who holds a strong unjustified belief) differ from automatic associations

Category activation and Automatic associations are both types of:

A

Stereotype processes

17
Q

What term is an unfavorable attitude towards
a social group and its members?

A

A prejudice

17
Q

Can we change the automatic stereotype
consciously?

A

Yes, it can be developed differently,
through learning, so positive at associational level.

18
Q

Stripping people of their dignity and humanity
is known as?

A

Dehumanization

18
Q

What is the term used to describe
behaviour based on unjust treatment of certain groups/
singling out members of a social group for prejudice based on attributes of their group membership?

A

Discrimination
-behaviour is now negative to someone els (actions)

18
Q

Name 3 types of discrimination

A

-Reluctancy to help

-Tokenism

-Reverse discrimination

19
Q

Discrimination:
People are more reluctant to help a minority member
(than their own group) when…

A

Forced with an emergency
but ONLY when others are present

19
Q

Discrimination:
People who are given an opportunity to
hire a qualified minority candidate =
+likely to discriminate against other minorities
in hiring as they had already proved they
were not prejudiced.

This is an example of which type of discrimination?

A

Tokenism

19
Q

Discrimination:
Reverse discrimination shows that people
are + likely to give money to a minority member
when feeling?

A

Threatened

20
Q

Discrimination:
What is the process of favouring a member of a minority group
but in isolated episodes?

A

Tokenism

21
Q

Discrimination:
What is the opening displaying pro-minority behaviour
but as a way of deflecting accusations of prejudice?

A

Reverse discrimination

22
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

People are less likely to help victims when others are present

B Effect is amplified if the victim is different ethnically

23
Q

Theories of new racism (aversive racism):

Conflict between what types of attitudes and values?

A

prejudiced attitudes and modern egalitarian values (equal pay).

24
Q

Which theory describes young people using
obvious perceptual cues to categorise groups.
Internalise prejudice observed in adults as appropriate behaviour.

A

Social Learning Theory

24
Q

Which theory describes familiarity increases liking.
More exposure to group increases liking of that group

A

Mere- exposure Effect

24
Q

Name 3 theories which try and explain peoples
prejudice behaviour:

A

Frustration- aggression hypothesis

Social processes:
SLT
-hate is learnt in early life
Mere exposure effect
Social Identity theory
-we have a social identity defined by group membership

Personality trait theories:
Authoritarianism
Dogmatism

25
Q

Racism is expressed when egalitarian values are weak
and people are in homogeneous groups where…

A

prejudice is accepted

25
Q

Which theory describes you will scapegoat a minority group
when target of frustration is unavailable.
We then generalise other members of scapegoat group.

A

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

But… frustration always causes aggression.
Aggression always caused by frustration.So its not a good theory

25
Q

Which theory describes group membership as an
automatic process, maximising inter-group difference.
We have a social identity defined by group membership
aswell as a personal one.

A

Social Identity Theory

26
Q

Which theory describes having a personality that has an
excessive likage for authority (majority group),
and an excessive dislike to groups against authority?

Then displace anger onto minority groups
(can be extreme left or right wing)

Developed in childhood through harsh disciplinarian practices.
Anger / resentment displaced onto weaker groups.

A

Authoritarian Personality

But not a good theory to use
as if fails to account for sudden attitude changes
or toleration of explicit attitudes

27
Q

Which theory describes a desire for their own group to be dominant and superior to other groups as groups in
society want to keep power for their ingroups

A

Social Dominance Theory

-desire to maintain status
Inequality is maintained through oppressive actions and discrimination.

28
Q

Which theory describes the process of associating
with other groups based on if their
ideology/ beliefs match?

Beliefs are more important than race.

A

Belief congruence Theory

29
Q

Sex stereotypes & discrimination:

Research shows that women are more… and men are more…

A

Women: Nice (warm) but not competent.
Men: Competent but not nice (warm).

29
Q

What is the Glass ceilling Effect?

A

Stereotypes prevent promotion due to competence perceptions

30
Q

How are steriotypes maintained?

A

Through the Media

Face-ism - Greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men and vice-versa for women

30
Q

What term is used to describe the belief that
there are essential characteristics of males & females?

Men competent, women likable.
These are cultural mores.

A

Gender essentialism

31
Q

What is Ambivalent sexism?

A

Sexists hold benevolent and hostile attitudes towards different ‘subtypes’

Benevolent attitudes towards traditional women
Hostile attitudes towards non-traditional women

31
Q

Positive female stereotype is emerging but only which type of country?

A

Only in western democratic countries.

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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