Prelim #1

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

Group of individuals of a single species that live in a particular area and interact with on another

Question 2

community

Answer 2

an association of interacting populations of different species that live in the same area

Question 3

ecosystem

Answer 3

a community of organism plus the physical environment in which they live

Question 4

biosphere

Answer 4

all living organisms on earth plus the environments in which they live

Question 5

Observational Studies: Pros vs Cons

Answer 5

(measure existing patterns, associations between variables of interest)

pros: realism; generate hypothesis
cons: hard to isolate cause and effect

Question 6

Controlled Experiments:

Pros vs. Cons

Answer 6

(manipulate variables of interest, compare response to control)

pro: isolates cause and effect
con: often less realistic conditions

Question 7

Take-away from oaks to Lyme disease case study

Answer 7

higher acorn production increases mammal foraging, which leads to high tick populations, increasing Lyme disease risk to humans (more acorns due to less moths which are result of mice)

Question 8

Evolution: Who has the highest fitness?

Answer 8

person with most offspring…fitness measured by reproductive success

Question 9

What are the three assertions for evolution by natural selection (excess of individuals, intraspecific competition)?

Answer 9

1. variation in phenotypes
2. heritability of phenotypes
3. phenotype correlated with fitness

Question 10

Phenotype is function of genetics and the environment (equation)

Answer 10

P=G+E+(GxE)

Question 11

Macroevolution

Answer 11

over time, we can get very large changes in populations of organisms…if 2 populations are genetically isolated and change enough (so that they can’t reproduce together) they are different species

Question 12

Microevolution

Answer 12

small scale changes

Question 13

spatial variation

Answer 13

variation from place to place (at one time)

Question 14

temporal variation

Answer 14

variation from time to time (at one place)

Question 15

thermoregulation equation

Answer 15

HNET=HAR- HRR+/- HCOND+/-HCONV - HEVAP+ HMET

Question 16

Homeotherms

Answer 16

maintain constant temperature

Question 17

Poikilotherms

Answer 17

body temperature subject to the environment

Question 18

ectotherms

Answer 18

depend largely on external sources of heat

Question 19

endotherms

Answer 19

regulate their body temperature by producing heat

Question 20

Bergmann’s rule

Answer 20

within a broadly distributed genus, larger species are found in colder climates and smaller species are found in warmer regions

Question 21

As edge/diam increases…

Answer 21

SA/Volume decreases

Question 22

What about limbs and appendages?

Answer 22

less/smaller appendages will have lower sa:vol…greatest heat loss will be from shape with lots of SA:VOL

Question 23

As ratio of red: far red decreases, stem elongation….because….

Answer 23

increase because plants think that there is competition for light

Question 24

where are plant’s eyes? how do we know?

Answer 24

stem; experiment that blinded stem had no shade response (stem elongation) compared to control

Question 25

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 25

energy is not created nor destroyed by normal chemical means

Question 26

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 26

when energy is transferred or transformed, part of the energy is lost as heat

Question 27

Photosynthesis inputs/outputs

Answer 27

inputs: co2, h2o, light outputs: glucose, oxygen

Question 28

respiration inputs/outputs

Answer 28

inputs: o2, glucose outputs: co2, ATP, water

Question 29

C3 photosynthesis

Answer 29

most common photosynthesis pathway

Question 30

C4 photosynthesis

Answer 30

plants in hot areas: more efficient CO2 uptake...occurs in different compartments

Question 31

CAM photosynthesis

Answer 31

plants in hot/dry areas, often succulents...uncoupled processes in plants. open stomates at night when it is cool, get CO2, trap it

Question 32

net primary production (NPP)

Answer 32

the total amount of organic matter available for consumption by higher trophic levels

Question 33

Consumption efficiency

Answer 33

% of NPP consumed

Question 34

assimilation efficiency

Answer 34

% of ingested food assimilated by an organism

Question 35

production efficiency

Answer 35

% of assimilated mass that becomes new biomass

Question 36

trophic efficiency

Answer 36

% of energy from one trophic level acquired by trophic level above and incorporated into biomass (about ~10%)

Question 37

Geometric growth equation and assumptions

Answer 37

N at time t=lambda^t X N initial | discrete generations, no immigration/emigration, unlimited resources

Question 38

Equation for rate of change in population size when a population is growing exponentially

Answer 38

dN/dt=rN r=growth rate N=number of individuals in population

Question 39

Exponential growth equation and assumptions

Answer 39

N at time t=e ^(rt) x N initial | no immigration/emiigration, unlimited resources, population does not need to reproduce at same time

Question 40

if b>d

Answer 40

r>0, population increases , dN/dt>0

Question 41

if b

Answer 41

r<0, population decreases, dN/dt<0

Question 42

if b=d

Answer 42

r=0, population size constant, dN/dt=0

Question 43

logistic growth equation

Answer 43

dN/dt=rmax * N * (1 - (N/K) population growth rate=intrinsic growth rate as N close to 0 * population size x reduction in growth rate due to crowding

Question 44

when is most rapid growth?

Answer 44

half the carrying capacity (K/2)

Question 45

R-selection

Answer 45

abundant resources, density-independent mortality, unpredictable physical environment, (insects and opportunist plants)

Question 46

K-selection

Answer 46

limiting resources, density-dependent environment, predictable physical environmental (many large mammals)

Question 47

type 1 survivorship

Answer 47

species that exhibit high survivorship when young and middle aged but high mortality in old age: k-selected (humans, elephants, sheep)

Question 48

type 2 survivorship

Answer 48

species with relatively constant survival at all ages (ex: birds)

Question 49

type 3 survivorship

Answer 49

species that exhibit high mortality when young and high survivorship when older (ex: fish, desert shrub)

Question 50

Life table: x

Answer 50

life stage or age range

Question 51

life table: Nx

Answer 51

number of individuals at the start of each age

Question 52

life table: Lx

Answer 52

proportion surviving

Question 53

life table: Mx

Answer 53

per-female rate of offspring production

Question 54

R0 definition and equation

Answer 54

summation of Lx*Mx | per-generation rate of increase in the population

Question 55

semelparity:

Answer 55

occurs when organisms reproduce once and then die...best when environment is stable

Question 56

iteroparity

Answer 56

occurs when organisms reproduce multiple times over their lifespan

Question 57

bet-hedging

Answer 57

when organisms suffer decreased fitness in their typical conditions in exchange from increased fitness in stressful conditions (spreading risk)

Question 58

how do organisms deal with environmental variation? 3 options:

Answer 58

reproduce multiple times, disperse to many different habitat patches, seed, cyst, or egg dormancy to survive harsh times

Question 59

source sub-populations

Answer 59

b>>d produce lots of dispersing indviduals

Question 60

sink sub-populations

Answer 60

b<