prelim Flashcards

1
Q

what is the DNA structure?

A

made up of two strands twisted to form a double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are the two strands of DNA held together?

A

weak hydrogen bonds between the bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the base pairings?

A

Adenine-Thymine , Cytosine-Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is DNA made up of?

A

subunits called nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a nucleotide made up of?

A

3 parts; A base, A phosphate and a deoxyribose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is PCR?

A

it is a way of making many copies of target regions of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is stage 1 of PCR?

A

DNA is heated to between 92° and 98° to separate the two strands (DNA is denatured)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is stage two of PCR?

A

DNA is cooled to between 50 and 65°C to allow primers to bind (anneal) to target sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is stage 3 of PCR?

A

DNA is heated to between 70 and 80°C for heat-tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is transcription?

A

transcription is the name of the process in which a copy of DNA is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the copy of DNA made from transcription called?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is translation?

A

mRNA which has been transcribed is translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a triplet of bases on mRNA called?

A

a codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a non coding region of DNA called?

A

an intron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a coding region of DNA called?

17
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a random change in DNA structure/mass

18
Q

what is a mutagenic agent?

A

a mutagenic agent increases the frequency of mutation

19
Q

example of a mutagenic agent

A

mustard gas, radiation

20
Q

what is a single gene mutation?

A

Single gene mutations involve a change in one of the base pairs

21
Q

single gene mutation types

A

deletion, insertion, substitution

22
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

Frameshift mutations cause all of the codons and all of the amino acids after point of mutation to be changed

23
Q

types of frameshift mutations

A

insertion, deletion

24
Q

improving reliability of an experiment

A

complete experiment more than once and calculate an average

25
what is recombinant DNA technology?
recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) is technology used to alter the genetic makeup of an organism
26
what is hibernation?
a form of dormancy in some animals (usually mammals) which allows them to survive during low temperatures or winter
27
why is hibernation useful?
it allows the metabolism to slow down during a time when food is scarce and maintaining body temperature requires too much energy
28
what kind of circulatory system do anphibians have?
incomplete double circulatory system
29
what is an incomplete double circulatory system?
The heart consists of only one ventricle and two atria. Therefore, some oxygenated blood (from the lungs) is mixed with deoxygenated blood from the body.
30
what kind of circulatory system do birds have?
a complete double circulatory system
31
what is a complete double circulatory system?
The heart consists of two atria and two ventricles which are separated. There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood can be pumped out at a higher pressure.
32
where does the citric acid cycle take place?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
33
what is released throughout the citric acid cycle?
CO2
34
how much energy is generated from citric acid cycle?
1 molecule per pyruvate
35
what happens to hydrogen ions and electrons?
they are removed by dehydrogenase enzymes and are accepted by NAD to form NADH
36
what happens in the citric acid cycle?
acetyl combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
37
how many ATP molecules are produced in citric acid cycle
2