Prelim Flashcards
Examples of artificial environment system
- Air Conditioning System
- Pneumatic System
Purpose of the artificial environment system
For the comfort of the passengers or to sustain their lives
Purpose of Cabin Environment System (3)
- Passenger Comfort
- Maintenance Comfort
- Prolong the Aircraft Service
The pressure inside and outside the aircraft must be ___
Equal
Each type of aircraft will have specific requirements according to the altitudes and speeds at which the aircraft is flown.
Flight Physiology
Study of how the body and mind work in a flying environment.
Flight Physiology
Study of how our organs function. And what keeps them from functioning in an abnormal environment.
Flight Physiology
An integral part of human factors and safe flight.
Flight Physiology
It has a direct effect on human performance.
Flight Physiology
Turbine Engine powered aircraft are efficient at high altitudes, but the human body is unable to exist in this cold and oxygen-deficient air.
Atmosphere
Physical mixture of gases
Atmosphere
Percentage of oxygen
21%
Percentage of nitrogen
78%
Percentage of all other gases
1%
5 Layers of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Layer closest to Earth’s surface.
Troposphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Layer closest to Earth’s surface.
Troposphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Cessna or smaller aircraft can be seen
Troposphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
This is where the jet aircraft and weather balloons fly.
Stratosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Larger aircraft and commercial aircraft.
Stratosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Hard to study layer.
Mesosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Scientists do know that meteors burn up in this layer.
Mesosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Considered part of the Earth’s atmosphere.
Thermosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Air density is low that most of this layer is what is normally thought of as outer space.
Thermosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Aurora, spacecraft
Thermosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Highest layer and extremely thin
Exosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Where the atmosphere merges into outer space.
Exosphere
The Layer of Atmosphere:
Satellites
Exosphere
Must be continually supplied with food and oxygen.
Human Respiration and Circulation
Must have their waste carried away and removed from the body.
Human Respiration and Circulation
Human Respiration and Circulation:
The lungs expand and the atmospheric pressure forces air into fill them.
Understand
Human Respiration and Circulation:
Two importance considerations in providing sufficient oxygen:
o Enough oxygen
o Sufficient pressure
Prioritize
Human Respiration and Circulation:
Abnormal breathing if oxygen is not properly supplied.
Hypoxia (Flight)
To provide pure oxygen to supplement the ever-decreasing amount of oxygen available in the atmosphere.
Oxygen System
To pressurize the aircraft to create an atmosphere that is like experienced naturally at lower altitudes.
Oxygen System
Designed to store or to generate a supply of pure oxygen and to regulate, dilute as required, and then distribute that oxygen to crew or passengers.
Oxygen System
Types of Oxygen System:
At normal room temperature and pressure.
Compressed Gas
Types of Oxygen System:
Contained under pressure, usually in the cylinder.
Compressed Gas
Types of Oxygen System:
A device used to provide oxygen therapy to people that require greater oxygen concentrations.
Portable Oxygen Concentrator
Types of Oxygen System:
Acts as a nebulizer
Portable Oxygen Concentrator
Types of Oxygen System:
Oxygen can be made liquid by lowering the temperature to below -183 Celsius or by placing gaseous oxygen under pressure.
Liquid Oxygen System
One of the artificial environments
Aircraft Pressurization System
Achieved by directing air into the cabin from either the compressor section of a jet engine, from a turbo-supercharger, or from an auxiliary compressor.
Aircraft Pressurization System
Air is ___, and the aerodynamic drag is ___ in high altitudes.
- thin
- low
Deals with compressed air or pressurized gas as a source of power.
Pneumatic
The gas that is used in a pneumatic system.
Air
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
- Engine
- APU
- GPU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Provides enough air for combustion purposes and for the pneumatic system.
Engine
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Airflow is continuously entering (relative wind)
Engine
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Used most of the time to pressurized
Engine
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Used when the engine starts because the engine does not have a continuous airflow yet.
APU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
For emergency situations with limited power.
APU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
If ___ is not enough ram air turbine can be a back-up
APU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
If APU is not enough ____ can be a back-up
Ram Air Turbine
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Delivered via connectors, the High-Pressure Ground Connectors.
GPU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Ground power unit
GPU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
External power
GPU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Used in ground only
GPU
Sources of pneumatic power, pressurized air:
Used for maintenance
GPU
On aircraft pneumatic energy is used for: (5)
- Engine starting
- Cabin pressurization and air conditions
- Wing anti-icing
- Water reservoir pressurization
- Hydraulic reservoir pressurization
Reciprocating Engine Aircraft:
Pressurization air for smaller piston-engine aircraft is provided by ___ from the engine turbochargers.
Bleed air
Turbine Engine Aircraft:
A good source of air to pressurize the cabin.
Compressor
Turbine Engine Aircraft:
The air from the compressor in a turbine engine provides ___ aside from pressurization.
Heat
Turbine Engine Aircraft:
___ may be used directly, or it may be used to drive a turbo compressor.
Compressor bleed air
Electronic regulators and electrically actuated outflow valves perform the same function as pneumatic systems, only the ____ is different.
Power source
Electrical signals are sent to the cabin pressure controller from the cockpit control panel to set the:
o Mode of operation,
o Desired cabin altitude
o Either standard or local barometric pressure.
Electronic Regulators
Electronic Regulators:
Electrical signals are sent to the cabin pressure controller from the cockpit control panel to set the:
o Mode of operation,
o Desired cabin altitude
o Either standard or local barometric pressure.
To keep the aircraft cabin pressure at a safe level, any incoming air is held within the cabin.
Outflow Valve
The engines produce ___ to fly the aircraft.
Thrust
If ___ is increased pressure increases as well.
Thrust
If thrust is increased ___ increases as well.
Pressure
2 Valves of Pneumatic System Schematic
- Pressure Regulator/Bleed Valve
* Built-In Pre-cooler (Fan-Air Valve)
Distribution Components
- Wing duct (left and right)
- Pylon duct (left and right)
- APU duct
- Crossover duct (cross bleed manifold)
- Pneumatic ducts
Distribution Components:
Crossover duct is also known as
Cross bleed manifold
Distribution Components:
The pneumatic ducts are monitored by a?
Leak Detection System
Pressurization and Zones:
Areas that are pressurized:
- Cockpit
- Passenger compartment
- Avionics computer and cargo
Pressurization and Zones:
Areas that are not pressurized
- Radome
- Landing gear bays
- Tail cone
A flight hazard that destroys the smooth airflow across the aircraft’s lifting and control surfaces.
Ice
A flight hazard that decreases their ability to produce lift, increases the weight of the aircraft, and increases induced drag.
Ice
A hazard that affects the pilot’s ability to see clearly.
Rain
Deals with the operating and maintaining of aircraft ice prevention and removal system.
Ice and Rain Protection
Deals with procedures and equipment for ground ice and snow removal.
Ice and Rain Protection
Ice Formation and Classification:
This is reduced when the aircraft operates in the rain during take-off or approach.
Reduce Visibility
Ice Formation and Classification:
To solve reduced visibility, there are two systems in the aircraft.
o A windshield wiper for each pilot
o A rain repellant system
Ice Formation and Classification:
The aerodynamic quality of the aircraft is reduced.
Ice Buildup
Ice Formation and Classification:
The aircraft weight increases
Ice Buildup
Ice Formation and Classification:
Effects of Ice Buildup
o The aerodynamic quality of the aircraft is reduced
o Its weight increases
Ice Formation and Classification:
The engine can also get problems and the ice can block the ____ for the air data system.
Probes
Ice Formation and Classification:
___ on the windshields will decrease the visibility more than the rain.
Ice
Ice Formation and Classification:
Types of ice differ in their way of building up and structure.
Classification of Ice
Ice Formation and Classification:
Clouds have no ice but have ___ water droplets.
Supercooled
Ice Formation and Classification:
When clouds’ water droplets hit the aircraft, they change from ___ to ___.
- Liquid water
- Solid ice
Ice Formation and Classification: It affects the following aircraft parts: o Wings airplanes o Rotors of helicopters o Propellers o Stabilizer of airplanes o Stabilizers of helicopters
Clear Ice or Glaze
Ice Formation and Classification:
This is produced when temperature of the droplets is between 0 and -10 degrees Celsius.
Clear Ice or Glaze
Ice Formation and Classification:
Where does the ice buildup (clear ice) begins?
Leading edge of the surface.
Ice Formation and Classification:
This is produced when the temperature of the droplets is below -10 degrees Celsius.
Rime Ice
