prelim Flashcards
1
Q
Public Health was defined by ____ as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency through organized community measures such as control of infection,
sanitation, health education, health services and legislation, etc.
A
Winslow (1851)
2
Q
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency through organized community measures such as control of infection,
sanitation, health education, health services and legislation, etc.
A
Public Health
3
Q
what is public health
A
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency through organized community measures such as control of infection,
sanitation, health education, health services and legislation, etc.
4
Q
a theoretician and leader of American public health during the first half of the 20th
century
A
Winslow
5
Q
what is public health according to winslow
A
“The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and
efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of
community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the
organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of
disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure the every individual in the
community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.”
6
Q
“The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and
efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of
community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the
organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of
disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure the every individual in the
community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.”
A
public health
7
Q
focuses on health issues in populations. Carrying out the mission of the public and achieving its
goals therefore depend on the factors that change the size and characteristics of the population whose health
is at stake.
A
Public Health
8
Q
Principles and Concept of Public Health
A
Community Action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease is the basis of
public health and its early roots.
Public Health History is the story of a man’s attempt to protect himself and his fellows against the health
hazards of communal living.
Public Health is the organized effort by society to protect, promote and restore the health of its citizens.
Public Health activities emphasize the prevention of disease and disability and concentrate on the health and
well-being of groups of people.
9
Q
The Goal of Public Health:
A
- To reduce discomfort, disability and disease in society
- To promote the quality of life
- Attaining the highest level of physical, mental and social well-being utilizing available knowledge and
resources.
10
Q
Emphasis of Public Health:
A
- Prevention of disease and disability
- Concentrate on health and well-being of groups of people
- Sanitation of the environment
- Control of communicable infections
- Education of the individual in personal hygiene
- Organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease.
- Development of the social machinery to insure everyone of a standard of living adequate for the
maintenance of health.
11
Q
Public Health Optometry has been defined as
A
“the use of the full scope of optometric knowledge, skills, and
services to prevent disease, to prolong life, and to promote health and the efficiency of groups of people,
particularly at the community level.”
12
Q
The 10 Essential Public Health Services
A
- Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
- Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
- Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
- Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
- Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
- Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
- Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care otherwise
unavailable. - Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
- Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health
services. - Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
13
Q
The 10 Essential Public Health Services
Assessment:
A
- Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
- Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
14
Q
The 10 Essential Public Health Services
Policy Development:
A
- Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
- Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
- Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
15
Q
The 10 Essential Public Health Services
Assurance:
A
- Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
- Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care otherwise
unavailable. - Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
- Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health
services.
16
Q
The 10 Essential Public Health Services
Serving All Functions:
A
- Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
17
Q
under PREHISTORIC, GREEK & ROMAN WORLDS
A
Ancient Mesopotamia
Minoans(3000 – 1430 B.C.) and Myceneans (1430 – 1150 B.C.)
Athenian Civilization of 1000 – 400 B.C.
Romans
Hebrews
18
Q
rituals and incantations against pestilence, voodoo or tribal dancing, temporary banishment, or
smoke and noise to drive away the evil spirits of disease.
A
Ancient Mesopotamia
19
Q
built drainage systems, water closets, and water flushing systems.
A
Minoans (3000 – 1430 B.C.) and Myceneans (1430 – 1150 B.C.)
20
Q
well-developed personal hygiene practices that sometimes resulted in the ill and crippled populations being ignored or destroyed.
A
Athenian Civilization of 1000 – 400 B.C.
21
Q
Romans had:
A
- Periodic census counts
- Elimination of dangerous animals and foul smells
- Provision of public sanitary services
- Garbage removal
- Public water supply
- Sewerage systems
22
Q
dealt with a wide variety of community responsibilities in Leviticus, about 1500 B.C.
A
Hebrews
23
Q
hebrews time
A
- Cleanliness of the body
- Protection against the spread of contagious
disease - Isolation of lepers
- Disinfection of dwellings after illness
- Sanitation of campsites
- Disposal of excreta and refuse
- Protection of water and food supplies
- Hygiene of Maternity
24
Q
People not bathing, using perfume instead, and wearing dirty garments.
A
MIDDLE AGES A.D. 500 – 1500
25
Mecca from Asia – Pandemics of _____and ____ (Black Death) were spread by pilgrims.
cholera
bubonic plague
26
also known as black death
bubonic plague
27
during this era, Asia was the endemic center of Cholera.
MIDDLE AGES A.D. 500 – 1500
28
first Quarantine measure was the rule that travelers from plague areas stop outside the port of Ragusa (now
Dubrovnik) and remain disease free for two months.
1377
29
dubrovnik used to be
Ragusa
30
Rapid recovery from the Revolutionary war years lead to large measure of prosperity and expansion.
MERCANTILISM AND COLONIALIZATION A.D. 1500 – 1700s
31
MERCANTILISM AND COLONIALIZATION A.D. 1500 – 1700s
Egypt to Asia Minor and Europe – spread of Leprosy (acute and disfiguring disease).
16th century (Europe) was the eradication of the endemic diseases.
Rapid recovery from the Revolutionary war years lead to large measure of prosperity and expansion.
America (New York, Philadelphia and Boston) – inadequate sewerage and water provision.
31
Type of Medicine practiced by 17th century:
* Amalgam of Barbering
* Alchemy with a strong dash of plain luck
31
Medical practice was relatively primitive and physicians were rare in the colonies from
1670 to 1730.
32
Early Medical Schools were established in the colonies in the 1760s but were
disorganized by the Revolutionary War.
Philadelphia and New York
33
_____continued to be the most important mode of producing doctors.
Apprenticeship
34
1st half of the 19th century – marked progress was made in ___.
surgery
35
American Medical Association (AMA) was founded in ___.
1847.
36
“To promote the science and art of medicine and the betterment of public health.”
AMA
37
To set and enforce standards and ethics of ‘regular’ medical practice and medical _____.
turf
38
medicine attempted to treat communicable diseases, and public health was concerned with dealing
with major epidemics.
20th Century
39
5 year old children – died due to summer fluxes, teething, convulsions, and related disorders.
Adults – fevers, fluxes, pleurisies, pneumonias, cancers, syphilis, diphtheria, streptococcal infections, dysentery, typhoid, and others.
Highly Fatal Killer diseases – yellow fever, small pox, diphtheria, and Asiatic cholera.
Lemuel Shattuck – recommended creation of Board of Health, Vital Statistics, Sanitary Improvement, Health
Promotion, and Health Education.
Edwin Chadwick – secretary of Poor Law Board.
Poor Law Act (1834) – was passed; championed and caused Community Health.
1848 – First Public Health was passed; signifies the birth of Public Health.
ENLIGHTENMENT AND EVOLUTION 1790 – 1840
40
Highly Fatal Killer diseases
yellow fever, small pox, diphtheria, and Asiatic cholera.
41
Responsible for the early quarantine measures and the first comprehensive sanitary programs.
Highly Fatal Killer diseases
42
recommended creation of Board of Health, Vital Statistics, Sanitary Improvement, Health Promotion, and Health Education.
Lemuel Shattuck
43
secretary of Poor Law Board.
Edwin Chadwick
44
was passed; championed and caused Community Health.
Poor Law Act (1834)
45
First Public Health was passed; signifies the birth of Public Health.
1848
46
In 1850, it was generally believed that the cholera agent was inhaled from air.
Sanitation of the physical environment became the focus of public health activities for the next fifty years and more.
Throughout the late 1800s, the health department was more concerned with the quantity of water than with the
quality, although there was a question of pollution by human and industrial wastes as early as 1868.
Europe, Germany and Boston – Vision Screening of school children began.
Yellow Fever (1878) – passage of National Quarantine Act.
Care for Seamen and Armed Forces
INDUSTRIAL AND SANITARY MOVEMENT 1840 – 1890
47
In _____, it was generally believed that the cholera agent was inhaled from air.
1850
48
carefully observed cholera patients, recognized that the agent must be in water, food or
carried by the hands.
John Snow
49
Sanitation of the physical environment became the focus of public health activities for the next fifty years and more.
INDUSTRIAL AND SANITARY MOVEMENT 1840 – 1890
50
Throughout the late ____, the health department was more concerned with the quantity of water than with the
quality, although there was a question of pollution by human and industrial wastes as early as 1868.
1800s
51
Vision Screening of school children began.
Europe, Germany and Boston
52
Yellow Fever (1878) – passage of National Quarantine Act.
INDUSTRIAL AND SANITARY MOVEMENT 1840 – 1890
53
Care for Seamen and Armed Forces
INDUSTRIAL AND SANITARY MOVEMENT 1840 – 1890
54
Beginning in the 1800s, was the time of great bacteriologic and immunologic discoveries and development of
techniques for their application.
55
1890 – Public Health was beginning to emerge as a separate professional field, although medicine, with its improved
professional standards was beginning to insist upon professional control.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA 1890 – 1910
56
Public Health became the integration of sanitary science and medical science and more recently, as social science.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA 1890 – 1910
57
The first bacteriologic laboratory for the routine diagnosis of disease was established during this period.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA 1890 – 1910
58
School children began to be examined for contagious disorders.
Comprehensive Health Program
59
_____ were instituted in the early 1900s to carry the message of hygiene into the home and follow up on the physical defects uncovered during the examinations.
School nurses
60
Public Health’s acquisition of a new body of knowledge allowed it to shift to preventive personal medicine as well as
precise attacks against environmental hazards.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA 1890 – 1910
61
– principal measures for limiting the spread of contagion, were updated with
immunization and serums effective against certain diseases.
Quarantine and disinfection
62
“Epidemic Disease Prevention and Treatment by Government
Medicine.”
PUBLIC HEALTH
(Era of Mass Immunizations)
63
Creation of Public Health agencies – stimulated new programs to prevent and control epidemics of such diseases as
Diphtheria, Smallpox, and Typhoid Fever.
64
Louis Pasteur is from
France
65
Robert Koch
Germany
66
bacteriological finding led to the first epidemiological revolution (the conquest of infectious disease).
Germ Theory
67
Environmental Sanitation, Safe Water Supplies, Improved Sewage Disposal System, Pasteurization of milk and
Sanitary Control of Food Supplies.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA 1890 – 1910
68
The focus of public health activities by the American Public Health Associations and the American public – to promote
the survival of the weakest to improving the working and living conditions of everyone.
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH 1910 – 1960
69
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH 1910 – 1960
General concerns:
* Women’s suffrage
* Temperance Movement
* Maternal and Child Care
* Drug and Tobacco Abuse
* Industrial Hygiene
* Medicinal Fraud
* Venereal Disease
70
In 1933, the _____ authorized funds for Medical Care, Nursing, and Emergency
Dental Work.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
71
The only significant federal health program during World War II era was the ___________that promoted the
construction of hospitals.
Hill-Burton Act of 1946
72
– saw the federal government support the construction of medical and public health schools, appropriate large sums for health research.
1950s
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH 1910 – 1960
73
– established a Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
1953
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH 1910 – 1960
74
MODERN FEDERAL INCENTIVES
Many other programs with optometric components added were started over the following fifteen years to include:
* Vocational Rehabilitation
* Crippled Children’s Services for Independent
Living
* Education of the Handicapped
* Crippled Children’s Services
* Developmental Disabilities
* Early and Periodic Screening
* Diagnosis and Treatment
* CHAMPUS (Civilian Health and Medical
Program of the Uniformed Services)
75
Early in the 1970s, Public Health leaders shifted their concepts of health from medicine to a more inclusive__________ objective.
“health equals total wellness”
76
Recent gains in health care are due to lifestyle changes made by individuals:
* Reduction of Cigarette Smoking, Increased Exercise, and Improved Nutrition
* Environmental health and Occupational safety
* Avoidance of alcohol, drugs and injuries
* The use of seatbelts in automobiles (example of current prevention activity)
* Periodic screenings for major disorders, such as High Blood Pressure and certain cancers, also enhance the
prospect for good health.
77
* The earliest reference to the human eye is found in the code of Hammurabi in Babylon. The code was formulated
from the standardization of judgments handed down by judges and to encourage the skillful treatment of patients.
* The earliest optical shop was opened by optician John McAllister in Philadelphia in 1783.
* Charles Prentice, considered the father of optometry, was a refracting optician who was unusual because he
charged a fee for his services.
* In 1898, the American Association of Opticians, renamed the American Optometric Association in 1910, was
founded.
* The first optometry law was enacted in 1901 in Minnesota, and the last, in 1924, in the District of Columbia.
HISTORY OF OPTOMETRY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
78
The earliest reference to the human eye is found in the _________. The code was formulated from the standardization of judgments handed down by judges and to encourage the skillful treatment of patients.
code of Hammurabi in Babylon
79
The earliest optical shop was opened by optician ______ in Philadelphia in 1783.
John McAllister
80
______, considered the father of optometry, was a refracting optician who was unusual because he
charged a fee for his services.
Charles Prentice
81
In 1898, the American Association of Opticians, renamed the ______ in 1910, was founded.
American Optometric Association
82
The first optometry law was enacted in ______ and the last, in 1924, in the District of Columbia.
1901 in Minnesota
83
Goal of Optometry and Public Health:
Preventing and reducing discomfort, disability and disease in society and
promoting the quality of life.
84
Optometry’s role in the field of Public Health has also become more important as the main concerns of eliminating contagious disease, improving our drinking water, eliminating bacteria from food, and waste disposal have changed
to the elimination of chronic disease.
85
The detection, prevention and treatment of such chronic disease such as _____ are important public health concepts.
diabetes and glaucoma
86
Initiative by Optometrists that can improve the health of populations include continuing to participate in disease prevention, health promotion, communicating, building alliances and linkages, and Think Global and Act Local.
87
Optometry is an important health care provider in public health efforts.
88
The public health movement in optometry had its earliest beginnings in New York City with the extraordinary success of a new free standing public clinic, the Optometric Center of New York. Clearly and seriously lacking in the mid 1950’s were optometrists who had formal graduate education and training in public and community health and in
public administration of health services.
89
Certainly, a public health optometrist would also need to stay current on the science of clinical practice.
90
Studies supporting health promotion and practice of preventive care can be scientifically documented to improve
health outcomes.
91
GOALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:
* To reduce discomfort, disability and disease in society.
* To promote quality of life
* To attain the highest level of physical, mental and social well-being utilizing available knowledge and resources at given time and place.
92
EMPHASIS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:
* Prevention of disease and disability
* Concentrate on health and well being of groups of people
* Sanitation of the environment
* Control of communicable infections
* Education of the individual in personal hygiene
* Organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease
* Development of the social machinery to ensure everyone of a standard of living adequate for the
maintenance of health.
93
PUBLIC HEALTH OPTOMETRY- the use of full scope of optometric knowledge,skills, and services to prevent disease, prolong life and to promote health and the efficiency of
groups of people particularly at the
community level.
PUBLIC HEALTH OPTOMETRY-
94
is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
HEALTH-
95
science and art of conserving and promoting healthful,
wholesome, and comfortable vision.
VISUAL HYGIENE
96
- the science of the preservation of
health; sanitary science; a system of
principles or rules designed for the
promotion of health.
HYGIENE
97
embodiment of the principles, which aid in the undertaking of the causes and sources of ocular infection
and disease.
VISUAL SANITATION-
98
- use of sanitary measures;
science of sanitary condition, cleanliness and free from dirt, germs, etc.
SANITATION
99
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION(WHO)-
– It is UNITED NATIONS specialized agency for health
– established on April 7,1948.
100
OBJECTIVE:
– Attainment by all people of the highest possible
level of health,
– Governed by 192 member states through the World Health Assembly.
101
TASK OF WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY:
* Approve the WHO programme and the
budget for the following biennium( a period of two years) and to decide major policy questions.
102
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH(DOH)
Profile: the DOH is the principal health agency in the Philippines
* Responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care and regulation
of providers of health goods and services.
* DOH is both stakeholder in the health sector and policy and regulatory body for health.
* As a major player, DOH is technical resource, a catalyst for health policy and a political sponsor
and advocate for health issues in behalf on the health sector.
103
VISION: The leader of Health for all in the Philippines.
MISSION: Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in Health.
DOH Officers:
* Composed of about 17 central offices, 16 centers for Health Development located invarious Regions, 70 hospitals and 4 attached agencies.
104
Center for Health Development
* Responsible for field operations of the
development in its administrative region and for providing catchment area with efficient and effective medical services.
* It is tasked to implement laws, regulation, policies and programs
* To coordinate with regional offices of the other department, offices and agencies as well as with local governments.
105
DOH Hospitals
* Provide the hospital-based care; specialized or general services, some conduct research on clinical priorities and training hospitals for
medical specialization
106
ATTACHED AGENCIES:
* PHILIPPINE HEALTH INSURANCE CORP.- is implementing the national health insurance law, administers the MEDICARE program for both public and private sectors.
* The DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD- coordinates and manages the dangerous drugs control program
* Philippine Institute of Traditional and
Alternative Health Care
* Philippine National AIDS Council
107
- setting the stage to prevent the onset
of vision conditions so that they will not be detrimental to the full development or utilization of the patients potential and that visual performance can be raised and enhanced
to optimum level.
PRIMARY
108
- preventing or reversing the
ongoing vision deterioration, so that any interference with the patients potential would
be reserved and visual performance can be raised above minimum levels.
SECONDARY
109
- preventing an existing vision
condition from further deteriorating to
ameliorate the seriousness of the disability and dependence resulting from reduced potentials so minimum levels of visual
performance are maintained.
TERTIARY
110
3 LEVELS OF PREVENTIVE
OPTOMETRIC EYECARE
primary eyecare
secondary eyecare
tertiary eyecare
111
* To promote health and hygiene
* To measure and record the V.A. of the members of the
community under his responsibility
* To prevent eye diseases at an early stage
a. Give treatment in very simple cases and minor conditions
b. Take the first step to restore health
c. Refer the patient to the nearest physicians immediately in
severe or complicated cases.
To collaborate in health activities for the prevention of blindness,immunization program, environmental sanitation,
maternal and child supervision, accident prevention, etc.
To participate in community education
primary eyecare
112
* Located in hospitals without large technical facilities
* This level of care is carried out by physicians specializing in ophthalmology
* This level of care participate actively in
promotion of health, research,preventive ophthalmology and education of primary- level personnel in its area
secondary eyecare
113
* This include of entire complex structure of medical nd surgical care performed by medical specialist in ophthalmology using highly
specialized technology and apparatus
tertiary
113
This level of care is represented by the institute of ophthalmology or at specialized department of hospital
tertiary
113
The personnel in this level of care should participate actively in preventive ophthalmology responsible for education on training of
personnel who work at other levels of care.
tertiary eyecare
114
are a major public health problem because they cause disability,suffering and loss of productivity
vision disorder
114
affects more than 120M people and the
second most prevalent chronic health problem
in the population.
vd
115
If VD left undetected and untreated, they lead to sensory performance handicaps, for example:
A. Impairing learning and psychological
development in children
B. Increasing industrial and motor vehicle accidents in adults
C. Possibly hastening senility and social
isolation in elderly.
116
Causes of Vision Disorder
1. Developmental problems
2. Uncoordinated growth of the elements in the eye
3. Diseases processes such as inflammation and degeneration
4. Changes in the anatomy and physiology of the eye
This disorders affects individuals by reducing their
visual acuity, visual fields, color vision or stereopsis, which will hinder or impair their performance.
117
* 90% of all problems that people have with their eyes result from refractive errors, strabismus, amblyopia and presbyopia.
* Less than 10% of vision problems result from diseases such as senile cataracts, age-related macular degenerations, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.
118
most VD can be treated, though not cured.
119
– may result from developmental
vision problems, uncoordinated growth, or disease processes.
LOW VISION
120
The VA or VF are subnormal and uncorrectable with conventional spectacle or contact lenses
LV
121
- defined legally as VA less than 20/200 or worse in the better eye with best ophthalmic correction or VF less than 20 degrees in diameter.
BLINDNESS
122
Impact of Vision Disorder
VD differentially affect people at different ages which may be quiet serious and may dramatically change a person’s life.
123
A child around age 1-3 with VD that interfere with the image in one eye may develop a visual handicap,such as .
AMBLYOPIA
124
About 5% of children age 3-5 and 25% of children aged 6-17 have vision problems, although they
will usually not be aware of them.
125
Affects child psychological and physical
development and ability to learn.
– Development may be impaired and may also negatively affect the childs behavior.
VD in children
126
Children who are considered to be juvenile delinquents have higher percentage of significant
disorders than other children.
This, ofcourse, does not prove that uncorrected or untreated VD cause children to become delinquents.
However, it may be a contributing factor.
vd in children
127
➢Educational development may be required
➢Limit career choices
➢They may develop poor self-esteem
➢They may suffer eye injuries or lose their vision in sporting accidents
vd in adolescents
128
➢Poor quality
➢Poor productivity at work
➢They will not participate in community
activities
VD in adult
129
➢May lose their independence
➢May suffer from sensory deprivation such as
inability to read, watch television, move about
unaided or see the faces of friends and family.
vd in elderly
130
Amblyopia can be avoided by
screening young children for strabismus, unequal refractive errors between their eyes
occlusion of the ocular media.
131
The use of safety spectacles or other types of perosnal protective equipment to prevent damage to the eye from high-speed particles,
chemicals and radiation.
prevention from VD
132
The use of protective ophthalmic materials to reflect or absorb UV radiation to prevent cataract.
prevention from VD
133
prevention from VD
* Amblyopia can be avoided by screening young children for strabismus, unequal refractive errors
between their eyes, or occlusion of the ocular media.
* The use of safety spectacles or other types of perosnal protective equipment to prevent damage to the eye from high-speed particles, chemicals and radiation.
* The use of protective ophthalmic materials to reflect or absorb UV radiation to prevent cataract.
134
135
Public Health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency through organized community measures such as
control of infection
sanitation
health education
health services and legislation
136
Public health is the science and art of
preventing disease
prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency
through organized community measures such as
control of infection,
sanitation
health education
health services and legislation, etc.
