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NUCLEAR MEDICINE > PRELIM 2 > Flashcards

PRELIM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

atomic mass (number of nucleons)

A

A

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2
Q

atomic number (number of protons)

A

Z

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3
Q

element symbol

A

X

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4
Q

Two Forces Acting on Electrons

A

-Centrifugal Force
-Attractive Force

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5
Q

Two Forces Acting on the Nucleus

A

Repulsive Force (due to protons)
Nuclear Binding Force(due to neutrons)

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6
Q

-amount of energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (nucleons).

-the amount of energy that would be released if the nucleus was formed from the separate particles.

-Binding energy is the energy equivalent of the mass defect.

A

Electron Binding Energy

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7
Q

is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an atom

A

electron binding energy

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8
Q

is a form of energy traveling through a medium or space. It travels as waves or subatomic particles through air, water or solid materials.

A

Radiation

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9
Q

Forms of Radiation

A

A. Particulate-

B. Electromagnetic

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10
Q

distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of another.(1 angstrom=10 ^ -10 m)

A

wavelength

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11
Q

is the number of waves per second that a stationary observer would count while the wave is passing by

A

Frequency

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12
Q

Invisible
Electrically neutral
No mass
Travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
Cannot be optically focused
Form a polyenergetic or heterogenous beam
Can be produced in a range of energies
Travel in straight lines

A

X-ray Properties

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13
Q

-also known as “path length“
-maximum distance traversed by ionizing radiation in interacting medium
-measured in micron or micrometer (µm)

A

Range

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14
Q

the ave. number of ions generated per unit length of path

A

Specific ionization

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15
Q

The energy transferred by ionizing radiation per unit path length of the interacting medium.

A

LET/ Linear Energy Transfer

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16
Q

-Property of some atoms to spontaneously give off energy as particles or rays from the nucleus

-Caused by instability in the atom’s nucleus or an excess of energy

A

Radioactivity/Radioactive Decay

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17
Q

Types of Radioactivity

A

-natural
-artificial

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18
Q

happens by itself. (naturally existing radioactive elements)

A

natural

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19
Q

is induced in the laboratory (with the help of cyclotron)

A

Artificial

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20
Q

Forms of Atomic Nucleus

A

-IsotoPes
-IsobArs
-IsotoNes
-IsomErs

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21
Q

Atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

IsotoPes

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22
Q

Same number of nucleons but different number of protons

A

IsobArs

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23
Q
  • Same number of neutrons but different number of protons.
A

IsotoNes

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24
Q

Contains same number of protons as well as same number of neutrons but the energy level of the nucleus is different

A

IsomErs

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25
Modes of Decay
-Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay) -Beta Decay/Emission
26
-Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic number -It resembles the Helium (He) element -The relative charge of alpha is 2 and a mass of 4
Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)
27
-has low penetrating power and most harmful internally and less harmful externally. -it can be stopped by a piece of paper or cloth.
Alpha radiation
28
-The relative charge of -1 and a mass of 0. -has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately 0.5mm aluminum or lead.
The β-decay
29
Has two sub-modes:β-decay
Negatron emission Positron emission.
30
-This occurs when there are too many neutrons. -It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration -This particle emitted is a negatively charge high speed electron which originated in the nucleus. -This electrons results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton.
Negatron Emission
31
-It occurs when the radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates -The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus -This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron -With Positron emitter, the parent nucleus gives up positive charge resulting in a daughter less positive by one unit of charge. -The atomic number decrease by one and the mass number remains unchanged.
Positron Emission or Beta Positive emission
32
Alternative to positron decay for neutron-deficient radionuclides Nucleus captures an orbital (usually K- or L-shell) electron
Electron Capture/ K-Capture
33
-During radioactive decay, a daughter may be formed in an excited state -Gamma rays are emitted as the daughter nucleus transitions from the excited state to a lower-energy state
Isomeric Transition
34
Examples of some gamma emitters:
iodine-131, cesium-137, cobalt-60, radium-226, and technetium-99m.
35
is the removal of an electron by a gamma ray during isomeric transition.
Internal Convesion
36
is the removal of an electron by a characteristic ray during electron capture.
Auger process
37
What are the types of radiation:
-alpha -beta -gamma -positron -xray -neutron
38
Mass (u) & charge: alpha
4 +2
39
Mass (u) & charge: beta
1/1840 -1
40
Mass (u) & charge: gamma
0 0
41
Mass (u) & charge: positron
1/1840 +1
42
Mass (u) & charge: xray
0 0
43
Mass (u) & charge: neutron
1 0
44
The time taken for the number of atoms in a sample of an element to decay by half
Half-life (T1/2)
45
The time required for the body to eliminate one half of the dose of any radioactive substance.
Effective Half-life
46
The length of time required for one half of the original number of atoms in a given radioactive sample to disintegrate.
Physical half-life(T1/2)
47
The time required for the body to eliminate one half of the dose of any substance by the regular process of elimination
Biologic half-life(TB):
48
Indicates the number of radionuclides disintegrating per second (dps or s-1)
Activity (A)
49
SI unit for radioactivity
Bq- becquerel
50
Old unit for radioactivity
curie (Ci)
51
1 Bq =
1 disintegration per second (dps)
52
1 Ci =
3.7 x 10^10 Bq 37GBq
53
quantities which describe the radiation field (in terms of particles or rays) & the quantity of ionization produced
Radiometric Quantities
54
Radiometric Quantities are:
Energy Fluence Exposure Kerma
55
SI unit is Joules (J) energy of ionizing radiation is measured in terms of electronvolts (eV)
energy
56
1 eV =
1.6 x 10 ^ -19 J
57
-number of particles (or photons) passing through unit area -measured in particles per square metre (m-2)
Fluence (F)
58
is the number of particles passing through unit area in unit time
Fluence rate
59
-amount of ionization produced in air originally called the roentgen (R), named after the discoverer of x-rays, Wilhelm Roentgen -SI unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)
Exposure (X)
60
1 R =
2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg of air
61
-kinetic energy released per unit mass of absorber -a measure of the kinetic energy of charged particles produced in an absorbing medium by uncharged radiation (i.e. photons and neutrons) Gray (Gy)
Kerma (K)
62
1 Gy =
1 J / kg
63
Dosimetric quantities are:
-absorbed dose -Equivalent dose
64
-Symbol is D -Defined as the energy absorbed per unit mass from any kind of ionizing radiation in any target
absorbed dose
65
The S.I. unit is gray (Gy) = 1 joule per kilogram Old unit is the rad
absorbed dose
66
100 rad =___Gy
1 Gy
67
Symbol is H A measure of the biological effects of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues
Equivalent Dose
68
Calculated by: H = D x WR ,
Equivalent Dose
69
WR =
radiation weighting factor
70
The S.I. unit is sievert (Sv) = 1 joule per kilogram Old unit is the rem
Equivalent Dose
71
1 Sv = ___ rem
100 rem
72
alpha particles, all energies: WR
20
73
beta particles, all energies:WR
1
74
γ & x-rays, all energies:WR
1
75
Neutrons: < 10 keV 10 keV– 100 keV > 100 keV – 2 MeV > 2 MeV – 20 MeV > 20 MeV
5 10 20 10 5
76
-Symbol is E -A measure of the effect of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues. -Takes into account the radiosensitivities of different tissues or organs
Effective Dose
77
Calculated by: ET = HT x WT ,
Effective Dose
78
*WT =
tissue weighting factor
79
The S.I. unit is sievert (Sv)
Effective Dose
80
1 sievert (Sv) = _____ joule per kilogram
1
81
WT:0.12 summation WT:0.72
Bone-marrow (red), Colon, Lung, Stomach, Breast, Remainder tissues*
82
WT:0.08 summation WT:0.08
gonads
83
WT:0.04 summation WT:0.16
Bladder, esophagus, Liver, Thyroid
84
WT:0.01 summation WT:0.04
Bone surface, Brain, Salivary glands, Skin
85
summation total of tissues
1
86
5 Interaction with Matter
Coherent Scattering ( Thomson Scattering ) Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Pair Production Photodisitegration
87
-Aka Classical, Thomson, unmodified -Produced by a low energy x ray photon -Incident x ray interact with target atom -Target atom release excess energy as scatter -There is a change in direction of but does not change the energy -No excitation happened
Coherent Scattering ( Thomson Scattering )
88
-Photon Absorption interaction -Photon undergo interaction with inner shell electron -Photon energy is transferred to the electron -Photon is completely absorbed -Photoelectron in created in the process
Photoelectric Effect
89
-Also called Compton Scattering or modified scattering -Incoming x ray photon interacts with loosely bound, outer-shell electron -Photon scatter in another direction with less energy. -This scattered photon may interact with other electron causing more ionization
Compton Interaction
90
-Does not occur in radiography -This is produced by photon energy greater than 1.02 MeV -High energy photon comes close to the strong nuclear field and lose all energy that energy is used to create a pair or electron negatron and positron
Pair Production
91
-Does not occur in diagnostic radiology -Interaction with extremely high energy photon greater than 10 MeV -This strikes the nucleus and all of the energy is absorbed and exciting the nucleus -This excitation will produce the nuclear fragment
Photodisintegration

NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2 decks)

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