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bio 1440 > prelim 2 part 1 > Flashcards

prelim 2 part 1 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Two separate pipe vascular systems in plants:

A

Xylem

Phloem

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2
Q

Xylem

A

Movement of water and minerals.

Unidirectional (from root to leaves)

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3
Q

Phloem

A

Transport of organic materials

Bidirectional (from source [often leaf] to sink [often fruit, flower etc])

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4
Q

in Herbaceous plants, where do the vascular systems occur

A

xylem / phloem occurs in vascular bundles

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5
Q

in woody plants where do vascular systems occur

A

xylem is the heartwood

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6
Q

Xylem structure

A

made of dead cells

contain tracheids, and vessel elements

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7
Q

vessel elements contain

A

perforation plates linking cells to common tubular structure. They are columns of water for fast transport that require constant tension

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8
Q

tracheids have what kinds of walls

A

primary wall (cellulose) and secondary wall (lignin), high surface to volume ratio, can hold water against gravity by adhesion

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9
Q

cohesion tension theory

A

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to

roots

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10
Q

negative pressure is

A

tension

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11
Q

phloem structure

A

sieve elements- make up tubes

companion cells- transport sugars

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12
Q

Movement through the phloem occurs thanks to a process

called

A

translocation

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13
Q

Movement through the phloem process

A

1- Active or passive loading of carbon molecules by sources.
2- Water follows by osmosis, increasing hydrostatic pressure
3- At the sink, sugar is unloaded.

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14
Q

closed circulatory system has what types of vessels

A

arteries away from heart, veins towards heart, capillaries connect veins and artieries and allows exchange with tissues

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15
Q

atrium

A

collects blood, thin walled, primes pump

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16
Q

ventricle

A

pushes blood into vessels, thick walled, a pump

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17
Q

o2 in systemic arteries and pulmonary

A

Pulmonary vein and systemic arteries are rich in O2

Systemic veins and pulmonary artery are low in O2

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18
Q

blood flow through heart

A

low O2 blood comes in through super vena cava, goes to right atrium, pass tricuspid valve, enters right ventricle, moves through pulmonary valve, into pulmonary trunk to lungs through pulmonary artery, gains O2 loses CO2 in lungs, O2 rich blood enters through pulmonary veins, goes to left atrium, pass bicuspid valve, to left ventricle, out aortic valve, through aorta to systemic arteries

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19
Q

blood flow velocity

A

fastest in large vessels like aorta, slowest in capillaries

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20
Q

laminar flow

A

fluid flows in parallel layers, external layer is slow, internal layer is fast

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21
Q

microcirculation

A

circulation in the smallest blood vessels (arterioles, capillaries, venules)

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22
Q

capillaries

A

really slow, diffusion/tissue perfusion happens here

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23
Q

how do arterioles control flow in capillaries

A

Distension of vessels due to blood pressure triggers smooth muscle contraction. This prevents
a change in capillary diameter. Blood flow can remain constant.
• Vascular tone (degree of contraction) changes perfusion of a tissue

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24
Q

Increased vascular tone in a blood vessel can cause

A

decreases radius of arteriole
increases resistance to blood flow
decreases blood velocity
Alters blood volume distribution

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25
vasoconstriction
caused by increase o2, decrease CO2 | makes increase resistance and decrease blood flow
26
vasodilation
caused by decrease o2, increase CO2 | makes decreased resistance, increased blood flow
27
orthostatic hypotension
when you become dizzy and your mean arterial pressure is off balance from standing up too fast
28
systole
ventricular contraction, blood expulsed with high pressure from aorta
29
diastole
refilling of blood from systole
30
how is pressure maintained in diastole
by the recoil, causes lower pressure
31
whats the highest blood pressure can be before hypertension
120/80
32
why do veins need valves
to prevent backflow
33
how does blood return to the heart after blood pressure drops through capillaries
use valves in veins from back flow, also muscle movement and breathing provide pressure for blood to return to heart (which is why cant sit too long)
34
how do hydrostatic and oncotic pressure affect fluid movement in capillaries
due to hydrostatic pressure, the fluid leaves capillaries and enters tissue. however, through the capillaries the hydrostatic pressure decreases causing oncotic pressure to at one point be greater than hydrostatic. the oncotic pressure causes reabsorption of fluid into capillaries
35
how valves contraction and opening work in the heart
When ventricles contract, atrial valves close under pressure, no backflow from ventricle to atria, therefore pulmonary/ aortic valves open When ventricles relax, atrial valves open, pulmonary/aortic valves close due to vascular pressure, no backflow from arties into ventricles
36
one cardiac cycle is
one ventricular systole and one ventricular diastole
37
phases of cardiac cycle
quiescent period-blood into ventricles atrial systole- more blood into ventricles ventricular systole-ven pressure greater than arterial pressure, causes semilunar valve to open, ejects blood rapid ejection-fast ejection reduced ejection- slows down as pressure falls
38
contraction timing conduction system of the heart
sinoatrial node (SA) to atrioventricular node to right and left bundle branches to purkinje fibers
39
cardio myocytes
striated muscle heart cells can depolarize and repolarize connected by intercolated discs action potentials travel through like wave of contraction
40
SA node action potential based off voltage gated channels
Na+ slowly leaks in brings to threshold | Ca+ gated channels open and rush in, at peak K+ open and rush out so fall
41
ventricular muscle action potential based off voltage gated channels
Na+ opens and rushes in Ca+ opens and rushes at top plateu k+ OPEN AND RUSHES OUT taking back to threshold
42
depolarization and repolarization
Depolarization- inside cell more negative than outside, there is a transmembrane potential (-70mV), channels let ions go through, open sodium channel so Na= goes in, more positive inside the cell, so less polarized, so inside cell is depolarized. Open potassium channels, leave cell, lose positive charges causes it to become more negative and repolarize.
43
how can heart be watched with electrodes
depolarization and repolarization creates a difference in charges between cells which can be detected by electrodes
44
p wave
atrial depolarization (whole atrium is depolarized)
45
QRS wave
ventricular depolarization Q septum depolarized R left ventricle depolaerized S whole ventricle depolarized
46
T wave
ventricular repolarization
47
how is heart rate sped up
sympathetic neural input- nonadrenaline, norepinephrine | increases Ca+ going in which causes depolarization to happen faster and action potential happens faster
48
how is the heart rate slowed down
parasympathetic neural input acetylcholine hyperpolarizes so drops farther below threshold, so makes the leak take longer to reach threshold and therefore depolarizes slower
49
autotrophs
acquiring non organic compounds dont need organic carbon, primary producers need other nutrients from other organisms
50
heterotrophs
need organic carbon | feed on autotrophs for carbon (energy), nitrogen, vitamins
51
photoautotrophs
energy from light, synthesize own carbon molecules, cyanobacteria, algae , plants
52
chemoautotrophs
energy from inorganic oxidation- extremophiles, archea, bacteria Oxidation of electron donors from environment (h, sulfide, sulfur, ferrous ion, etc)
53
photoheterotrophs
cant synthesis organic carbon, microbes and oriental hornets use energy from light (energy come from light, carbon to build tissues instead of as energy). microbes and hornet
54
chemoheterotrophs
use carbon to grow, inorganic oxidation, microbes such as E coli
55
organotrophs
bacteria, fungi, animals- need organic carbon for building and for energy
56
autotrophic plant diet
``` energy source (light) water, CO2, minerals ```
57
heterotrophic diet animals
water, carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals
58
what do roots take up for plants
dissolves oxygen, ions,and water. anions like nitrate come easily because not bound to soil, cations like Ca+ are bound to soil
59
cation ion exchange for plants
roots acidify the soil solution, CO2 reacts with H2O, mineral cations are released, roots absorb the released cations
60
how do we maximize surface to volume ratio
fractal structures (branching on multiple levels )
61
mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationships with fungal threads increase plants absorption
62
aborization
branching
63
digestion
nutrient breakdown and absorption
64
extracellular digestion
breakdown of food particles outside of cells
65
gastrovascular cavity
(two way digestive tract) that functions in both | digestion and distribution of nutrients
66
most animals have a -- digestion system
flow through digestive tract, two openings. it is regionalized and each region carries out specialized tasks in step wise function
67
why do we need to mechanically break down food
increases food particle surface and allows enzymatic hydrolysis
68
stages of food processing
ingestion- mechanical digestion digestion-chemical digestion with enzymatic hydrolysis absorption elimination
69
alimentary canal
all the main structures(mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
70
accessory glands
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
71
gut length varies
herbivores may have longer guts to aid in digestion of vegetation
72
why do hindgut fermenters have long cecums
The cecum aids in the fermentation of | plant material
73
Monogastric digestive system
simple chambered stomach us
74
Ruminant (cranial fermentor) digestive system
multi-compartmented stomach | cow, deer, sheep
75
hind gut fermentor digestion system
simple stomach, complex intestine - horse, bunny, and ostrich
76
Adaptation to herbivory
Bacteria digest cellulose by fermentation
77
Phase 1 of digestion: the oral cavity and the cephalic phase
``` mechanical breakdown salivary glands secrete amylase (breakdown carbs) secrete mucus (water, salts, glycoproteins) ends with swallowing (deglutition) ```
78
Phase 2 of digestion: in the stomach
secretes gastric juice which converts food bolus into chyme. when stomach is filled it initiates secretion of gastric juices, proteins degraded by pepsin, proteins denutured at acidic pH=2
79
how is stomach protected from stomach acid
mucus layer, of bicarbonate secretion which is a buffering of acid
80
production of gastric juices and pepsin
The chief cells secrete pepsin in the form of pepsinogen (inactive). parietal cells secrete h+ and Cl- into the lumen which causes ph to decrease which activates pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin then turns into a positive feedback loop by activating more pepsinogens
81
Phase 3: in the small intestine (duodenal digestion)
chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself. break big chunk of lipid into small droplets- bile emulsifies lipids (detergent effect)
82
pancreatic enzymes are activated by
proteolysis- the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids
83
Pancreatic trypsin and | chymotrypsin
breaks down protein into amino acids
84
absorbed lipids enter the
lymphatic system
85
absorbed amino acids and sugars enter
hepatic portal vein to liver
86
what increases nutrient absorption in small intestine
Enormous villar/microvillar surface | fractal structure is also great for absorption surfaces

bio 1440 (2 decks)

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