Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio 1440 > prelim 2 part 2 > Flashcards

prelim 2 part 2 Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what makes up extracellular fluid

A

water, electrolytes- dissociate in ions (salts, acids, bases, some proteins) and non electrolytes- organic molecules that dont dissociate and have no electrical charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

extracellular fluid major cation and anion

A

cation- sodium

anion- chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are extracellular fluids for

A

maintain cell structure
ensure cell function
vehicle for nutrients and chemical s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does ECF maintain cell structure

A
  • water alters the volume of cells (remember osmosis and red blood cells)
  • hydrostatic pressure maintains tissues and organs in place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does ECF ensure cell function

A

Ions are required for cell function (ex: enzymes)

- Maintain electrical gradients across membranes (allowing action potentials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

conformers

A

don’t regulate- osmotic pressure is exactly proportional to ECF (environmental controls line)
ECF varies greatly
no homeostasis- cells are isoosmotic with environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

regulators

A

regulate, keep osmolarity constant
use homeostasis
energetically costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What parameters can organisms regulate?

A

VOLUME of water in the ECF volume regulation
CONCENTRATION of ions available in the ECF
ionic regulation
OSMOTIC PRESSURE (concentration) of the ECF
osmotic regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conformers environments

A

no homeostasis so typically stable environments, marine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

regulators environments

A

unstable,

inhospitable habitats- salty or terrestrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fish in fresh water problems

A

diluted solutionSalt in ECF gets lost by diffusion and osmosis makes water goes in
Need to prevent loss of salt and gain of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fish in fresh water solution

A

Gills actively uptake Na+ (salt) and cL- (separately actively pumped into animal, both pumps use ATP, also cotransport a waste ion to maintain )
Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fish in sea water problem

A

Facing desiccation and inward salt diffusion

Water in body go out, salt go in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fish in sea water solution

A

Gills actively secrete Cl- and Na+ follows actively/passively
Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

review of fresh water challenges and solution

A 
low osmolarity environment 
water comes in by osmosis 
ions diffuse out
dilution risk
solution: diluted urine, gills uptake Na+ and Cl-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

review of sea water challenges and solutions

A 
high osmolarity environment 
water goes out by osmosis 
ions diffuse in
concentration risk
solution: concentrated urine 
gills secrete cl-, and Na+ follows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

isotonic dehydration

A

n (loss of fluid, without changing concentration).

is also called Hypovolemia: decrease in volume of blood plasma. not enough ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypertonic dehydration

A

with high electrolyte levels (often hypernatremic dehydration). True dehydration, too much sakt, enough fluid but bad concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

regulation of water and salt intake

A

thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

regulation of salt and water output

A

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

trigger true dehydration and response

A

Electrolyte concentration in ECF increases
Increase osmolarity
Osmoreceptors sense osmolarity of ECF, see ECF is too concentration, they activate intracellular thirst
Stress on cell
Drink water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

trigger hypovolemia and response

A 
Fluid volume is decreased, 
Decrease in plasma volume
Baroreceptors sense decrease in pressure
Trigger thirst extracellular (less volume in circulation)
Drink water and eat salt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Osmoreceptor cells and intracellular thirst, respond to what change and how

Study These Flashcards
A

Osmoreceptor cells are sensitive to ECF osmolarity to the 1-2% increase in osmolarity
They alter their electrical activity (action potentials) in response to increase in ECF osmolarity
Cell shrinkage due to osmosis is the signal detected by these neurons

24
Q

how salty foods correlate to hypertension

Study These Flashcards
A

Eat a lot of salt- dehydrated therefore drink more water
Plasma will have high osmotic pressure
Kidney will decrease its function to retain water
Water will flow into interstitial pressure (oedema)
Increase volume of ECF
increase blood pressure
Increase in blood pressure could aggravate hypertension

25
three forms of nitrogenous waste
ammonia, urea, uric acid
26
The liver of mammals and most adult amphibians | converts ammonia to
less toxic urea in urea cycle, costs energy
27
ammonia
released in aquatic environments | most toxic, most water required, least amount of energy
28
urea
released as urine | medium toxicity, medium water, medium energy
29
uric acid
least toxic, least amount of water, most energy required
30
excretion=
filtration -reabsorption +secretion
31
kidney function
Filter ECF (blood) Reclaim valuable solutes (ions) Reabsorb water Secrete toxin and other waste
32
nephron parts
``` bowmans capsule proximal tube loop of henle distal tube collecting duct ```
33
bowmans capsule
filtration of the blood, produces primary urineBlood comes in, puts pressure from heart, oncotic pressure that wants to take on ECF is pushed through porous membrane and leaks Blood pushes liquid out
34
Glomerular filtration rate would be increased by
a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteinless protein, by osmosis you get back less fluid, decrease the net of forces that oppose filtration, so increase filtration
35
proximal tube
Reabsorption of water, solutes, nutrients + selective secretion. • pH regulation: secretes hydrogen ions, uptakes bicarbonate. • Active and passive transports from filtrate to interstitial fluid and capillaries (Na+/K+ pump, nutrients) • Toxic material secreted • Filtrate volume decreases BUT remains iso-osmotic to the blood
36
loop henle
descending limb water is reabsorbed, permeable to ions and water ascending limb impermable to water, ions (salt) reabsorbed by diffusion passively higher ascending limb salt is pumped out vertical salt gradient
37
vertical salt gradient due to
countercurrent multiplication and the urine flow downwards pushing salt down
38
countercurrent multiplication
single effect- ascending limb pumps ions out and they diffuse forming horizontal gradient fluid flow- filtration pushes urine down tube and salt concentration gets packed down
39
distal tube
selective reabsorptionThe distal tubule regulates the K+, Ca2+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids
40
collecting duct
5% of kidney’s water and salt reabsorption only regulated by hormones Mostly Responsible for concentrating urine in response to vasopressin (Anti-Diuretic Hormone, ADH)
41
Diuresis
is the production of dilute | urine.
42
Antidiuresis:
Dehydration triggers release of ADH | • ADH promotes urine concentration (retaining water)
43
ADH mechanism
ADH when dehydrated makes water to be able to flow through collecting duct wall (permealizes the wall) ADH triggers aquaporin accumulation at the membrane surface from storage vesicles. • This channel facilitates water flux • Water flux allows stronger water reabsorption
44
Formation of dilute urine in absence of ADH
Normal Hydration Low level ADH Low level reabsorption High level Diuresis
45
Formation of concentrated urine upon release of ADH
Dehydration High level ADH High level reabsorption Low level Diuresis
46
rank solubility of CO2, N2, and o2
CO2>>O2>N2
47
partial pressures of O2 and co2 throughout respiration
``` In alveoli (when breathe out don’t completely empty, so old air rich in CO2 is still there) In veins and artieries (same partial pressures) Body tissues (oxygen drops off and CO2 increases a bit since o2 is being consumed) Exhaled air (more O2 and less CO2 since breathing out CO2) ```
48
why do opxygen bind to hemoglobin
oxygen is not very soluable, hemoglobin used for oxygen transport
49
exchange at capillaries
Not a lot of free O2 in mitochondria O2 diffuses in Water is made Co2 turned in bicarbonate and needs to be carried out
50
bicarbonate movement
``` Bicarbonate is more soluble than CO2 so conversion to bicarbonate allows transport of more ‘CO2 ’ equivalents to the lungThe chloride/bicarbonate anion exchanger drives transport across the erythrocyte membrane and into the blood plasma. Note this is electroneutral. ```
51
differences in ph for hemoglobin and O2 retention
Lower pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2, this is called the Bohr shiftHemoglobin retains less O2 at lower pH (higher CO2 concentration) lower Ph and O2 levels helps drive O2 release
52
CO2 needs to be removed in exhaled breath but if most is bicarbonate, which is not a gas, how does this happen?
Carbonic anhydrase is reversible so at the lung the CO2 that is present flows down its gradient leading to carbonic anhydrase working in the ‘reverse’direction. Also the chloride/bicarbonate transporter is reversible as well and as [CO2 decreases then bicarbonate moves back into the erythrocyte.
53
carbonic anhydrase
turns CO2 into carbonate or reverse
54
how does CO2 in lungs affect O2 binding
At the lungs CO2 begins to diffuse into the alveoli. This causes carbonic anhydrase to work in ‘reverse’ taking the carbonate and making it CO2 helping to reduce the CO2 load in the blood. This also consumes protons. This raises pH which increases O2 binding affinity of hemoglobin
55
signal to increase respiration
``` fall in blood ph Blood pH falls due to rising levels of CO2 in tissues (such as when exercising). sensors in major blood vessels or mdeulla detects drop, Signals from medulla to rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation.Blood CO2 level falls and pH rises. ```
56
birds lungs and breathing pattern
8/9 sacs, requires 2 cycles of inhaling and exhaling to go through whole system sacs to parabronchi, cross current air flow
57
whats different for birds at different altitudes
Birds that live at higher altitude have hemoglobin with a higher affinity for O2 P50 for O2 to have half hemoglobin with O2 is lower for higher altitudes. maintain respiration at lower oxygen pressures

bio 1440 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions