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Prelim Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

2 Types of Sampling

A

Biased/ Non-probability Sample

Representative/ Probability Sample

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2
Q
is one that is not representative.
does not reflect the composition of the population to wich the researcher is attempting to generalize
convenience type of sampling
result is invalid
result is unequal
A

Biased/ Non-probability sample

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3
Q

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
randomly chosen
non-biased
valid result

A

Representative/ Probability sample

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4
Q

first systematic collection of data on the population and the economy during the Renaissance

A

Italian city-states of Venice and Florence

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5
Q

The term statistics was derived from

A

“state” which was used to refer to a collection of facts of interest to the state

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6
Q

John Graunt’s book

A

Natural and Political Observations Based upon the Bills of Mortality

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7
Q

refers to deaths

A

mortality

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8
Q

refers to illnesses

A

morbidity

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9
Q

the study of disease and its treatment, control and prevention in a population of individuals

study of the spread of disease in a population

A

Epidemiology

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10
Q

is the process by which knowledge is gathered through careful and systematic observation

A

Empirical method

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11
Q

Empirical knowledge

A

Experiences
Experimentation
Observation

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12
Q

an effect which results in the improvement of subject’s performance through being observed and/or social contact

A

Hawthorne Effect

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13
Q

the phenomenon where the expectations of the researchers in a study influence the outcome

A

Rosenthal Effect

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14
Q

The phenomenon where an otherwise worthless intervention in a study nevertheless induces an improvement in the patient’s condition

A

Placebo Effect

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15
Q

do not receive experimental treatment; no manipulation

purpose is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition

A

control condition

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16
Q

receive the experimental treatment

A

experimental condition

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17
Q

comparison between two things/quantities

A

ratio

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18
Q

a ratio which x is a portion of the whole x+y

numerator is always in the denominator

A

proportion

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19
Q

Probability

A

number of outcomes classified as A/ total number of possible outcomes

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20
Q

is an agent that is believed to increase the probability of a certain outcome or illness.

21
Q

Two proportions fundamental to evaluating diagnostic procedures

A

Sensitivity

Specificity

22
Q

the proportion of people who test as positive to a disease who really do have the disease

true positive rate

23
Q

the proportion of people who test negative to a disease who really do not have the disease

true negative rate

24
Q

results when a test indicates a positive status when the true status is negative

A

false positive

25
results when a test indicates a negative status when the true status is positive
false negative
26
formula of specificity
TN/ TN+ FP
27
formula of sensitivity
TP/TP + FN
28
formula of FP
FP/FP + TN
29
formula of FN
FN/FN + TP
30
is the number of new cases divided by the number of people at risk for the disease over a period of time is used to track baseline rates and to measure the effectiveness of prevention program
Incidence
31
is the number of affected persons divided by the total population at a point in time burden of the disease
Prevalence
32
fraction of incidence rate
Number of new cases/ Population at risk for developing the disease
33
fraction of proportionate mortality rate
Number of deaths from a particular case/ total deaths
34
fraction of prevalence rate
Number of old and new cases of a disease/ Population examined
35
fraction of cause of death rate
Number of deaths from a specified cause/ Mid-year population
36
fraction of specific mortality rate
number of deaths in a specified group/Mid-year population of the specified group
37
the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, present, analyze and interpret data
statistics
38
Two types of Statistical Analysis
Descriptive | Inferential
39
Eploratory Data Analysis summarize or describe wishes to understand the relationship between two variables
Descriptive Statistics
40
is the process of allowing a few numbers to summarize many numbers
Data reduction
41
Explanatory Analysis generalization of the population is rooted in inductive reasoning uses probability
Inferential Statistics
42
to infer means
to make a conclusion based on evidence
43
the process of observing data, recognizing patterns and making generalizations from your observations
Inductive reasoning
44
the chance of an event occurring
probability
45
5 Pertinent activities involved in statistics
Descriptive: Collection Organization Presentation Inferential: Analysis Interpretation
46
Research process
``` Research question Hypothesis Identify research design Data Collection Presentation of data Data analysis Interpretation of data ```
47
Inferential statistics requires
Higher Order Thinking Skills
48
was created under the leadership of Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in learning and education
Bloom's Taxonomy
49
hierarchy of bloom's taxonomy
``` evaluation synthesis analysis application comprehension knowledge ```