Prelim

Question 1

2 Types of Sampling

Answer 1

Biased/ Non-probability Sample

Representative/ Probability Sample

Question 2

is one that is not representative.
does not reflect the composition of the population to wich the researcher is attempting to generalize
convenience type of sampling
result is invalid
result is unequal

Answer 2

Biased/ Non-probability sample

Question 3

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
randomly chosen
non-biased
valid result

Answer 3

Representative/ Probability sample

Question 4

first systematic collection of data on the population and the economy during the Renaissance

Answer 4

Italian city-states of Venice and Florence

Question 5

The term statistics was derived from

Answer 5

“state” which was used to refer to a collection of facts of interest to the state

Question 6

John Graunt’s book

Answer 6

Natural and Political Observations Based upon the Bills of Mortality

Question 7

refers to deaths

Answer 7

mortality

Question 8

refers to illnesses

Answer 8

morbidity

Question 9

the study of disease and its treatment, control and prevention in a population of individuals

study of the spread of disease in a population

Answer 9

Epidemiology

Question 10

is the process by which knowledge is gathered through careful and systematic observation

Answer 10

Empirical method

Question 11

Empirical knowledge

Answer 11

Experiences
Experimentation
Observation

Question 12

an effect which results in the improvement of subject’s performance through being observed and/or social contact

Answer 12

Hawthorne Effect

Question 13

the phenomenon where the expectations of the researchers in a study influence the outcome

Answer 13

Rosenthal Effect

Question 14

The phenomenon where an otherwise worthless intervention in a study nevertheless induces an improvement in the patient’s condition

Answer 14

Placebo Effect

Question 15

do not receive experimental treatment; no manipulation

purpose is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition

Answer 15

control condition

Question 16

receive the experimental treatment

Answer 16

experimental condition

Question 17

comparison between two things/quantities

Answer 17

ratio

Question 18

a ratio which x is a portion of the whole x+y

numerator is always in the denominator

Answer 18

proportion

Question 19

Probability

Answer 19

number of outcomes classified as A/ total number of possible outcomes

Question 20

is an agent that is believed to increase the probability of a certain outcome or illness.

Answer 20

risk factor

Question 21

Two proportions fundamental to evaluating diagnostic procedures

Answer 21

Sensitivity

Specificity

Question 22

the proportion of people who test as positive to a disease who really do have the disease

true positive rate

Answer 22

Sensitivity

Question 23

the proportion of people who test negative to a disease who really do not have the disease

true negative rate

Answer 23

Specificity

Question 24

results when a test indicates a positive status when the true status is negative

Answer 24

false positive

Question 25

results when a test indicates a negative status when the true status is positive

Answer 25

false negative

Question 26

formula of specificity

Answer 26

TN/ TN+ FP

Question 27

formula of sensitivity

Answer 27

TP/TP + FN

Question 28

formula of FP

Answer 28

FP/FP + TN

Question 29

formula of FN

Answer 29

FN/FN + TP

Question 30

is the number of new cases divided by the number of people at risk for the disease over a period of time is used to track baseline rates and to measure the effectiveness of prevention program

Answer 30

Incidence

Question 31

is the number of affected persons divided by the total population at a point in time burden of the disease

Answer 31

Prevalence

Question 32

fraction of incidence rate

Answer 32

Number of new cases/ Population at risk for developing the disease

Question 33

fraction of proportionate mortality rate

Answer 33

Number of deaths from a particular case/ total deaths

Question 34

fraction of prevalence rate

Answer 34

Number of old and new cases of a disease/ Population examined

Question 35

fraction of cause of death rate

Answer 35

Number of deaths from a specified cause/ Mid-year population

Question 36

fraction of specific mortality rate

Answer 36

number of deaths in a specified group/Mid-year population of the specified group

Question 37

the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, present, analyze and interpret data

Answer 37

statistics

Question 38

Two types of Statistical Analysis

Answer 38

Descriptive | Inferential

Question 39

Eploratory Data Analysis summarize or describe wishes to understand the relationship between two variables

Answer 39

Descriptive Statistics

Question 40

is the process of allowing a few numbers to summarize many numbers

Answer 40

Data reduction

Question 41

Explanatory Analysis generalization of the population is rooted in inductive reasoning uses probability

Answer 41

Inferential Statistics

Question 42

to infer means

Answer 42

to make a conclusion based on evidence

Question 43

the process of observing data, recognizing patterns and making generalizations from your observations

Answer 43

Inductive reasoning

Question 44

the chance of an event occurring

Answer 44

probability

Question 45

5 Pertinent activities involved in statistics

Answer 45

Descriptive: Collection Organization Presentation Inferential: Analysis Interpretation

Question 46

Research process

Answer 46

``` Research question Hypothesis Identify research design Data Collection Presentation of data Data analysis Interpretation of data ```

Question 47

Inferential statistics requires

Answer 47

Higher Order Thinking Skills

Question 48

was created under the leadership of Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in learning and education

Answer 48

Bloom's Taxonomy

Question 49

hierarchy of bloom's taxonomy

Answer 49

``` evaluation synthesis analysis application comprehension knowledge ```