Prelim Flashcards
(49 cards)
2 Types of Sampling
Biased/ Non-probability Sample
Representative/ Probability Sample
is one that is not representative. does not reflect the composition of the population to wich the researcher is attempting to generalize convenience type of sampling result is invalid result is unequal
Biased/ Non-probability sample
a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
randomly chosen
non-biased
valid result
Representative/ Probability sample
first systematic collection of data on the population and the economy during the Renaissance
Italian city-states of Venice and Florence
The term statistics was derived from
“state” which was used to refer to a collection of facts of interest to the state
John Graunt’s book
Natural and Political Observations Based upon the Bills of Mortality
refers to deaths
mortality
refers to illnesses
morbidity
the study of disease and its treatment, control and prevention in a population of individuals
study of the spread of disease in a population
Epidemiology
is the process by which knowledge is gathered through careful and systematic observation
Empirical method
Empirical knowledge
Experiences
Experimentation
Observation
an effect which results in the improvement of subject’s performance through being observed and/or social contact
Hawthorne Effect
the phenomenon where the expectations of the researchers in a study influence the outcome
Rosenthal Effect
The phenomenon where an otherwise worthless intervention in a study nevertheless induces an improvement in the patient’s condition
Placebo Effect
do not receive experimental treatment; no manipulation
purpose is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition
control condition
receive the experimental treatment
experimental condition
comparison between two things/quantities
ratio
a ratio which x is a portion of the whole x+y
numerator is always in the denominator
proportion
Probability
number of outcomes classified as A/ total number of possible outcomes
is an agent that is believed to increase the probability of a certain outcome or illness.
risk factor
Two proportions fundamental to evaluating diagnostic procedures
Sensitivity
Specificity
the proportion of people who test as positive to a disease who really do have the disease
true positive rate
Sensitivity
the proportion of people who test negative to a disease who really do not have the disease
true negative rate
Specificity
results when a test indicates a positive status when the true status is negative
false positive