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Visual Analysis > Prelim- Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Prelim- Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Seeks and hold a visual image

A

Skeletal (convergence)

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2
Q

Discriminates and defines the image

A

Visceral ( accommodation)

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3
Q

Unifies, elaborates and unifies the image

A

Cortical (perceptual)

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4
Q

The only image existing in the brain is_______ which are ever in motion, fluctuating in amount and intensity

A

electrochemical fields

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5
Q

3 questions from patient

A
  1. What is my visual problem?
  2. What have I done to meet this problem?
  3. What can be done to eliminate this problem?
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6
Q

To answer the three questions, the optometrist must perform:

A
  1. Case study to determine the cause of the problem
  2. A visual skills profile to determine what the patients did to meet this problem
  3. Corrective procedures to eliminate the problem
  4. A progress report to determine the amount of visual improvement obtained by the patient and to ascertain if the problem has been eliminated
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7
Q

Record far point and near point, determine the kind, type and extent of the visual problem

A

Binocular case analysis

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8
Q

Purpose of case analysis

A
  1. To find the limitations of the prescriptible lens for distance and for near
  2. To determine whether the case can be handled by lens application alone
  3. To follow the changes in relationship between accommodation and convergence brought about by the new rx or the vision training program or both (progress report examination)
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9
Q

That which agrees with the regular and established type.
Conformance to the natural order of things.

A

Normal eye

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10
Q

Different approaches to the problem of clarifying objects or things whether they are normal or abnormal

A

Normative or physical viewpoint
Pathological viewpoint
Statistical viewpoint

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11
Q

Requires that the system must posses certain ideal values in order to be considered normal

A

Normative or physical viewpoint

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12
Q

A normal system is one which is free of pathology, a system which has no abnormal disturbances. We do not consider the degenerative processes associated with aging as being of a pathological nature.

A

Pathological viewpoint

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13
Q

is one in which the optical system needs no auxiliary lenses to obtain a sharp focus at the retinal plane. It establishes an arbitrary value of emmetropia and orthophoria as the normal conditions for efficient vision.

A

The normative or physical normal eye

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14
Q

is used to inhibit accommodation to its fullest extent, optometrists all realize that this mechanism will change because some residual accommodation is active. We never examine the visual mechanism as if it were a fixed system.

A

Fogging method

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15
Q

___________ and __________ instead of being ideal conditions for the visual mechanism, are in reality abnormal conditions which are prevalent in those individuals classifed as retarded readers. In fact, emmetropia and orthophoria, when found in an individual, seem to indicate the presence of a visual problem.

A

emmetropia and orthophoria,

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16
Q

An eye so constructed that parallel rays of light come to a focus in the retina without any effort of accommodation

A

Emmetropia

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17
Q

It is the condition of a normal eye in which the retina is situated at the posterior principal focus distance of the refracting system so that when accommodation at rest parallel rats of light is brought to focus at the retina

A

Emmetropia

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18
Q

The condition in which, the motor muscles being at rest, the visual axes are parallel to each other. This state of normal balance obtains not only when the eyes are in ordinary use, but also when they are subjected to a balance test

A

Orthophoria

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19
Q

“The ideal state of binocular balance; there exists no manifest deviation under dissociation.

A

Orthophoria

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20
Q

“When the passive position of functional rest is also the primary position; such a perfectly balanced condition of the oculo-motor system is described as orthophoria.”

A

Orthophoria

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21
Q

The phrase “normal eye” cannot be used in a definition of emmetropia because the normal eye is_____. The expression “accom-modation inactive” or “unaccommodated” cannot be used because in optometric testing procedures (non-cycloplegic) accommodation is always active.

A

hyperopic

22
Q

The use of the “fogging technique” does not force the patient to give up all______. effort, but merely to maintain it at a minimum level which is conducive to that individual. We must define emmetropia for our purposes on a functional basis.

A

accommodative

23
Q

______ can only refer to an individual who possesses standard acuity without the use of concave lenses and who refuses plus lenses (letters blur).

A

Emmetropia

24
Q

Emmetropia means that there is no________________ It can be found at near as well as far.

A

accommodation free of association with convergence at the fixation distance.

25
Q

Emmetropia is a________. It reduces one of the important psychophysiological abilities, that of changing accommodation without causing a change in convergence, to a zero range. If the stress situation continues, the organism must make some type of emergency adaptation in order to preserve the functioning unity. This usually means the appearance of minus projection.

A

biological mistake

26
Q

The motor muscles are not at rest in the state of_____. Stimuli are constantly proceeding to these muscles. It is not an ideal condition because the efficiency of those who are orthophoric is lower than those who are exophoric.

A

orthophoria

27
Q

Orthophoria is not a_______, as far as equating muscle strength. The muscle bulk of esophores and exophores are all the same.

A

balance point

28
Q

is an equilibrium state in which the eyes under dissociation have the same posture as the eyes have when they are not dissociated.

A

Orthophoria

29
Q

The presence of____ indicates that all of the latitude of protection in the convergence pattern has been used up due to a stress situation; and that any continuation of the stress situation will result in the presence of esophoria. The presence of orthophoria is undesirable, and remedial measures should be instituted to regain the buffer of exophoria as soon as possible.

A

orthophoria

30
Q

If the eye were a static organ similar to a camera, the obvious solution to the presence of a visual problem would be to measure the power of the optical system under cycloplegia.

A

Static or Dynamic Eye

31
Q

Ophthalmologic experience, as well as optometric experience, has shown that the great majority of patients will not tolerate such a____, but that it must be modified.

A

full correction

32
Q

Probe bodies

A

Lenses
Prisms

33
Q

Stages of organismic impairment

A

Neural
Neuromuscular
Muscular

34
Q

When the person acts “as if he were a product of altered behavior, that is, he acts as it he were a myopic, astigmat, strabismic, anisometrope, etc.

The performance is characteristic, but there are no measurements of this altered performance. This is the complete functional stage. At this point, merely altering certain environmental factors will Wreadil‹ reverse this altered behavior and return it to nornial.

A

Neural

35
Q

when we have characteristic changes in our re-{fractive measurements, but the case is still in a fluid, amenable state, highly reversible, susceptible to all corrective procedures.

A

neural-muscular

36
Q

Considerable distortion is now present in the refractive measurements. The distortion is now embedded or structured and is no longer reversible. This distortion may be in the eye itself, in its attachments or in the central nervous system.

A

muscular

37
Q

Highly reversible
Leaving no symptoms

A

Neural

38
Q

Still reversible but with symptoms

A

Neuro-muscular

39
Q

changes in supporting struc-tures, reversible if accessible, leaving definite symptoms.

A

Muscular

40
Q

modification used is usually less ____.

A

plus

41
Q

illustrates the effect of body posture upon vision.

A

Spooner

42
Q

investigated the effect upon the eye of occupations involving close work.

A

Duke-Elder

43
Q

effect of time in submarine service on vision

A

Schwartz and Sanberg

44
Q

effect of functional modification

A

Edward Hartmann

45
Q

higher brain centers

A

neopallium

46
Q

Lenses are considered _____ devices

A

Prosthetic

47
Q

______ involves a whole person

A

Vision

48
Q

Optometry practice is interested in:

A

Preventing visual problems
Enhance visual skills

49
Q

The visual process entails a visual mechanism which is_____ in nature and is capable of making dramatic changes in its refractive

A

dynamic

50
Q

Standard acuity
No need for convex and concave lenses

A

Emmetropia

51
Q

Normal eye is _____

A

Hyperopic

Visual Analysis (4 decks)

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