Prelim Chapter 1 Introduction Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
According to book:
The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
A
PHARMACOLOGY
2
Q
Simplify:
Is the study of drugs
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Pharmacology
3
Q
From the greek word Pharmakon means—- and logos means——-
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Pharmakom means drug
Logos means study
Pharmacology is the study of drug
4
Q
Simplify:
For you what is pharmacology?
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Pharmacology is the study of drugs, when we say we are studying about the drug, we are studying “EVERYTHING ABOUT THE DRUG” so it includes its mechanism of action, how are body respond when we take the drug and also its toxic effect!
5
Q
The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.
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Medical Pharmacology
6
Q
The branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.
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TOXICOLOGY
7
Q
Its the study of toxic
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TOXICOLOGY
8
Q
The science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs – the precursor of pharmacology
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Materia Medica
9
Q
Precursor of Pharmacology
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Materia Medica
10
Q
Two General Principles: understand the concept first!
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1.All substances can under certain circumstances be toxic, and the chemicals in botanicals (herbs and plant extracts) are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the proportion of impurities
- All dietary supplements and all therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies.
11
Q
Answer the missing: All substances can under certain circumstances be toxic, and the chemicals in——— (herbs and plant extracts) are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the——————
A
All substances can under certain circumstances be toxic, and the chemicals in botanicals (herbs and plant extracts) are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the proportion of impurities
12
Q
Answer the missing: All dietary supplements and all therapies promoted as health—————should meet the same standards of—— and ——- as ———- drugs and medical therapies.
A
All dietary supplements and all therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies.
13
Q
Also known as Pharmacogenetics
A
Pharmacogenomics
14
Q
The study of the genetic variations that cause differences in drug response among individuals or populations.
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Pharmacogenomics
15
Q
What do you understand by when i say Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic?
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Pharmacodynamic what the drug does to the body
Pharmacokinetic what the body does to the body
16
Q
What the drug does to the body
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Pharmacodynamics
Keywords to remember: mechanisms of drug actions
17
Q
What the body does to the drug
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Pharmacokinetic
Keywords to remember: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug
18
Q
the biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions
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Pharmacodynamics
19
Q
the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug
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Pharmacokinetics
20
Q
the use of drugs to prevent and treat disease.
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Pharmacotherapeutics
21
Q
a scientific name that precisely describes its atomic and molecular structure.
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Chemical Name
22
Q
•Nonproprietary name
•Abbreviation of the chemical name
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Generic Name
23
Q
•Brand name/ Proprietary name
•Selected by the drug company selling the product
•Protected by copyright
A
Trade Name
24
Q
Identify if Chemical Name/Generic Name/Trade name
Paracetamol
A
Generic name
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It is on how we classifing drug or group to study
Thru
…..Family Ties
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Identify if Chemical Name/Generic Name/Trade name
APAP
Generic name
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Identify if Chemical Name/Generic Name/Trade name
Acetyl-para-aminophenol
Chemical name
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It is also known as APAP
N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol
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This type of Class
They
Share mechanism of action
Share same structure
Pharmacologic Class
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Group drugs by therapeutic use
Therapeutic class
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What class if i say Beta Blocker, NSAID’s , Penicillins
Pharmacologic Class
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What class when i say Antihypertensive like, beta Blocker, diuretics, ACE’s?
Therapeutic Class
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Beta Blocker also known as
Beta-Adrenergic blocker
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Beta-Adrenergic blocker drugs end with “—“
Olol
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What does “Beta-Adrenergic blocker” block receptor?
Beta blocker receptor
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Beta blocker are usually ———— drugs
Anti hypertensive drugs
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Metropolol, propanolol, timolol,carvedolol and atenolol is an example of what pharmacologic class?
Beta Blockers
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What does NSAID’s means
Non-Steroidal Antiinflamatory Drugs
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NSAID’s are usually ———- drugs
Antiinflammatory drugs
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Is paracetamol considered as antiinflammatory?
No its analgesic which is a Pain Reliever!
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Diclofenac, ibuprofen, celecoxib, etoricoxib,naproxen is an example of what pharamacologic class?
Non-steroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs
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This type of drug came from fungus and it can kill other microorganism
Antibacterial Antibiotic
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What do you called if the antibacterial were not came from Fungus?
Sythetic AntiBacterial Agents
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ARBs means
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
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CCBs means
Calcium Channel Blocker
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Calcium Channel Blocker, drugs end with “———-“
Calcium Channel Blocker, drugs end with “Dipine”
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If Calcium Channel Blocker, drugs end with “Dipine”, what are the two drugs that is Exempted that dont end with “Dipine” but still a CCBs?
Verapamil
Diltiazem
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When Diagnose first time with hypertension,
What is the First line of drugs for hypertention?
Diuretic
Explanation: Diagnose first time with Hypertension, to Get rid of water inside the body, lower the blood volume, para di mahirapan sa Flow!
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ACEs means
Angiotensin Convertig Enzyme
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Angiotensin Convertig Enzyme drugs usually end with “——“
Angiotensin Convertig Enzyme drugs usually end with “Pril”
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Alpha blocker drugs usually ends with “———“
Alpha blocker drugs usually ends with “sozin”
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Who discover Penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
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Penicillin was discover from what bacteria?
Not Bacteria! Its from Fungus
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Penicillin was discover from what fungus?
Penicillium notatum
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What are the three source of our Drugs?
Plants
Animals
Minerals
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Morphine, codeine,antropine, from what source of drugs that it came from?
Plants
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What drug/hormone do we extract from pig before, but now its not due to adverst effect
Insulin
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Scientic name of plant source Morphine
Opium poppy
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Scientic name of plant source codeine
Papaver somniferum
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Scientic name of plant source Digoxin
Digitalis lanata
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Scientic name of plant source Atropine
Atropa belladonna
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Aluminum hydroxide is from what source of drug
Minerals
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What is the old style or old Fashioned METHOD called?
Concoction or in bisaya “ ginapabukalan”
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Old Fashioned Medinces
The earlies drug concoctions from plants used “everything” including….
Leaves
Roots
Bulb,stems
Seeds
Buds
And blossoms
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Refers to a plant that is a source of medicinal powern or therapeutic properties
Power Plant
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Most active component of the plants
Component of our plants with nitrogen in their structure and they are the most active in term of pharamcologic use
Alkaloids
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Alkaloids components drugs usually ends with “ine” ……familiar?
Antropine, nicotine, morphine
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Its the transfer of the drug from one site of administration to the blood circulation
Absorption
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Amoxicillin
Therapeutic Class:
Pharmacologic Class:
Amoxicillin
Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial Antibiotic
Pharmacologic Class: Penicillin
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Chemical Name : APAP or —————-
Generic Name:
Brand name:
Chemical Name : APAP or N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
Generic Name: Paracetamol or Acetaminophen
Brand name: Biogesic
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Inactive the drug then transfer it into secretable form
Metabolism
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In phamacokinetic,
Blood is the responsible, it circulate in the body
Distribution
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Excretion of the drugs thru?
Urine, stool, sweat, Milk
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“——“ is a Component of plants, found sugar in their structure
Also active component of plant
And give one example:…..
Glycosides
Digoxin
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This type of drugs fron plant use to increase the force of heart contraction
Digoxin
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Compenent of Plant “not active ingredient”
Give products ability to attract and hold water
Gums
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Use as suspensing agent or emulsifying agent to make dosage form
Ex. Seaweed extraction
Gums
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Component of plants that causes local irritants or laxative
Ex. Pinetree sap
Resins
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thick and sometimes greasy liquids, are classified as volatile or fixed
Oils
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Two types of Oil
Volatile Oils-(Perfume Making) peppermint
Fixed Oil-Olive Oil, Coconut oil
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Animal Magnetism
Hormones
Oils and fats
Enzymes
Vaccines
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In Animal Magnetism such as Insulin
Hormones
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Animal Magnetism such as pancreatin and pepsin
Enzymes
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Animal Magnetism such as cod liver oil
Oils and fats
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Animal Magnetism such as suspension or killed, modified or attenuated microorganism
Vaccines
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Iron, iodine and epsom salt is and example of
Mineral spring
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In DNA, Drug produce in Laboratory such as….
Antivenoms
Insulin
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Route of Administration:
Buccal
Sublingual
Translingual
Gastric
Intradermal
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Oral
Rectal and viginal
Respiratory
Subcutaneous
Topical
…
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Also knowns as Rectal or Vaginal in route of administration
Suppository
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What about “ilalum sa dila”
Sublingual
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What about “taas sa dila”
Translingual
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Motivation sa ta….
“Just as you wouldn't settle for low-quality drugs that fail to deliver the expected therapeutic effects, consider yourselves as the product you'll be offering in the future din. Strive for excellence to ensure na you can provide the best service possible. Your commitment to quality reflects your dedication to delivering effective solutions and services para sa future. Always think of your future patients as one of your loved ones, diba you wouldn't want to do anything that would compromise their health? So do better. Be better. Remember, striving for excellence is not just for the sake of others but also for your own advancement.”
-Medida C. , 2024
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Any SUBSTANCE that brings about a change in boilogical function through its chemical actions
Drug
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Drug use to prevent, mitigate, treat, cure and diagnose
….
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Two Type of drugs:
Agonist
Antagonist
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In your own word what do you mean by
Agonist: (One word)
Antagonist( one word)
Agonist : ACTIVATOR
Antagonist: INHIBITOR
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Any molecule that is found in our body that can play a regulatory role of our biologic function and also it is where the drug interact
Receptor
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Has Affinity Only
Antagonist
- kaya niya mag bind sa receptor pero dili niya kaya mag activate sa receptor
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It has Affinity to receptor and Intrinsict Activity
Agonist
Bind then activate
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Drugs that dont need the receptor for it to have an effect inside the body
Chemical Antagonist- may interact directly with other drugs
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Example of a chemical Antagonist?🤔
Antacid-Acid = neutralization. Why is it consider as chemical antagonist?
Antacid-Acid= neutralization
Direct na siya, no receptor involved :3
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Drugs may be synthesized in the body (kita mismo ang naga buhat sa body)
Example:
Hormones- insulin
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——-means chemically not synthesized in the body
Xenobiotic
Xenos- means Stranger
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It is also a drug
Drug that have almost exclusively harmful effect
Poisons
No good effect, but only harmful effect
Ex. Cyanide
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Who said that “ the dose makes the poison”
Paracelsus
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Which means the poison of biologic origin (synthesize by plants and animals)
Toxins
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In contrast to Inorganic Poisons such as lead and arsenic
Poisons
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Three physical nature of drug
Solid- aspirin, antropine
Liquid- nicotine, ethanol
Gaseous- nitrous oxide
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Used to dilate pupils
Atropine
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Is a Nicotine a Solid, liquid or Gaseous?
Liquid
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Most widely abused recreational drug
Ethanol
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Long term side effect of ethanol in the body
Accumulation of fat in the tummy
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Also knowns as laughting gas and general anesthetic
Nitrous Oxide
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Drug size
Smallest- lithium ions(MW7)
Largest -alteplase (MW 59,050)
Most drugs( mw 100 - 1000
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Drugs for Bipolar
Lithium
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Alteplase is drug act as
Anticouagulant (Heart Attack , Stroke)
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Three major types of bond in drug reactivity and drug-receptor bonds
Covalent
Electrostatic
Hydrophobic
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Very strong and not reversible under biologic condition
Ex.
Aspirin with cycloxygenase enzyme
DNA alkylating agents used in cancer chemotherapy
Covalent bond
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Very from relatively strong linkages between permanently charges ionic molecules to weaker hydrogen bond and very weak induce dipole interations such as van der waals forces
Electrostatic bonding
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Drug that are lipid soluble para maka cross siya sa lipid bilayer na mga cells with the internal walls of receptor (pocket)
Hydrophobic bonds
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What to remember in Bonding:
Covalent bond- very strong bond
Electrostatic bonding- weaker than covalent, generally strong bond
Hydrophobic bonds- usually Quite weak
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Depends on the chirality (sterioisomerism) of the drug chemical structure
Drug shape
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Implies the ability to predict the appropriate molecular structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biological Receptor
Rational Drug Design
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Rational Drug Design is made by —- and —- in Research and Development of Drugs design
Pharmacist and chemist
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In New Drug Development
IND means
Investigational New Drug
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Most undergo extensive animal studies or also known as
Pre clinical trial
If sa tao na ang tawag kay Clinical Trial
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Phases of New Drug Development
And what to remember during this Phase
Phase 1- Efficacy
Phase 2- safety and Efficacy
Phase 3 - Infrequent or rare adverst effect
Phase 4- Post market surveillance
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The drug is tested on healthy volunteers.
Phase 1
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involves trials with people who have the disease for which the drug is thought to be effective.
Phase 2
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-large number of patients in medical reasearch centers receive the drug.
- provides information about infrequent or rare adverse effects
- FDA will approve a new drug application if phase III studies are satisfactory
Phase 3
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voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase III.
Phase 4
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Exception to the Rule of Phases
Public Health Threats like Covid, Aids
Sponsors of drug that reach phase 2 or 3 clinical trial can apply FDA Approval or treatment IND status
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What are the two Drug-Body Interaction in pharmacology
Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic
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Major site of absorption
Small intestine
-Villi and microvilli
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Terms in Concentration Means
Along:
Against:
Along- higher to lower concentration
Againt- lower to Higher concentraion
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Action of drug on the body
Pharmacodynamics
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Action of Body on the drug
Pharmacokinetics
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The transfer of a drug from one site of administration to the bloodstream
Absorption
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Route of Administration that excempted from Absorption
IV
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Mechanisms of absorption of drugs
Passive Diffusion
Fick's Law of Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
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- the drug moves from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration
– does not involve a carrier and not saturable
– movement is along the concentration gradient
Passive Diffusion
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Diffentiate Osmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis- movement of Water
Diffusion- movement of substance
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•directly proportional to the concentrations, surface area and permeability coefficient
•inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
Fick's Law of Diffusion
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- drugs enter the cell through specialized transmembrane carrier proteins that facilitate the passage of large molecules
– movement is along concentration gradient
– does not require energy & can be saturated
– may be inhibited by compounds that compete for the carrier
Facilitated Diffusion
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Active transport
- involves specific carrier proteins that span the membrane
– energy-dependent & saturable
– movement is against the concentration gradient
– selective and may be competitively inhibited by other cotransported substances
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- used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
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- engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug-filled vessicle
Endocytosis
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- reverse of endocytosis
Exocytosis
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Cell eating
Phagocytosis
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Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
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Factors influencing absorption
•Effect of pH on drug absorption - A drug passes through membranes more readily if it is uncharged.
•Blood flow to the absorption site
•Total surface area available for absorption
•Contact time at the absorption surface
•Expression of P-glycoprotein -
…
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The more time sa stomach, the more ma absorbed and drug, under the contact time at the absorption time, what drugs symptoms has exception of this
Diarrhea (high Motility)
2 loperamide at a time first intake in order to absorbed the drug
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- responsible for transporting various molecules, including drugs, across cell membranes
– "pumps" drugs out of the cells
– associated with multi-drug resistance
•Expression of P-glycoprotein
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Responsible for MultiDrug Resistance
Expression of P-glycoprotein
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•is the rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation
•determined by comparing plasma levels of drugs after a particular route of administration with levels achieved by IV administration
Bioavailability
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It has a 100% Bioavailability
IV
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Major site of Metabolism
Liver
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Factors Influencing Bioavailability
•First-pass Hepatic Metabolism
•Solubility of the drug
•Chemical instability
•Nature of the drug formulation
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- when a drug is absorbed from the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation
First-pass Hepatic Metabolism
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Two drug are bioequivalent if they show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve peak blood concentrations.
BIOEQUIVALENCE
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•Two drugs are therapeutically equivalent if they are pharmaceutically equivalent with similar chemical and safety profiles.
THERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENCE
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If the Drug
-same Dosage Form
-contain same active ingredient
-same ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
Pharmaceutical Equivalence
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the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the instertitium (extracellular fluid) and the tissues.
DRUG DISTRIBUTION
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Responsible for DRUG DISTRIBUTION
Blood!
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III. METABOLISM OF DRUGS
•Three major routes of elimination(Excretable):
– Hepatic metabolism
– Biliary metabolism
– Urinary metabolism
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Two purpose of Metabolism
Activation and Inactivation of Drug
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•an inactive precursor chemical that is readily absorbed and distributed and then converted to the active drug by biologic processes inside the body
Prodrug
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They are inactive and they need the help of liver para ma activate ang drug
Prodrug
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Example of Prodrug
ACE’s that end with “Pril” except Captopril(already active)
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Prodrugs ACEs end with “pril” except
Captopril (already active)
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Inactive:Enalapril
Active:
Inactive:Enalapril
Active: Enalaprilat
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Inactive: Quinapil
Active:
Inactive: Quinapil
Active: Quinaprilat
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Inactive:captopril
Active:
X
Active na siya daan😂🫣🤡
All ACEs end with “pril” is a prodrug except: Captopril
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Major site of Excretion
Kidney
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Filtering unit of kidney
Nephron
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IV. EXCRETION
•A. Renal elimination of drugs
– Glomerular filtration
– Proximal tubular secretion
– Distal tubular reabsorption
…..
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Excretion can be secreted as
Stool
Milk of mother
Sweat
Urine
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Antidote for Paracetamol Poisoning
Fluimucil
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