PRELIM ENVI ENG Flashcards
1
Q
this term emerged in the 1960s as academic programs in engineering and public health schools expanded, necessitating a more precise title for their curricula and graduates
A
environmental engineer
2
Q
combines various disciplines, bringing knowledge, skills, and professionalism
A
environmental engineering
3
Q
who discovered civil engineering and when was it discovered?
A
John Smeaton, 1782
4
Q
origins trace back to civil engineering, public health, ecology, chemistry, and meteorology
A
environmental engineering
5
Q
focuses on the greater good
A
ethics
6
Q
recognized that his profession tended to focus on the construction of public facilities rather than purely military ones
A
John Smeaton
7
Q
builder of roads, structures, and canals in England
A
John Smeaton
8
Q
This title was widely adopted by engineers engaged in public works
A
Civil Engineer
9
Q
Where and when was the first engineering course outside USMA offered?
A
American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy in 1821
10
Q
first formal university engineering curriculum in the United States
A
U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1802
11
Q
What is now the name of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy?
A
Norwich University
12
Q
conferred the first truly civil engineering degree in 1835
A
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
13
Q
it was founded in 1852
A
American Society of Civil Engineers
14
Q
When was the American Society of Civil Engineers found?
A
1852
15
Q
When was the American Society of Civil Engineers found?
A
1852
16
Q
When did Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute conferred the first truly civil engineering degree?
A
1835
17
Q
When was the report from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain?
A
1842
18
Q
the identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission and the ensuing embrace of cleanliness
A
Great Sanitary Awakening
19
Q
When was the Great Sanitary Awakening?
A
1850s
20
Q
Who led the Great Sanitary Awakening?
A
Sir Edwin Chadwick, England
Ludwig Semmelweiss, Austria
21
Q
defines ecosystems as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment
A
Ecology
22
Q
defined as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment
A
ecosystems
23
Q
The populations of the species in an ecosystem do not vary independently but rather fluctuate in an approximate steady state in response to self-regulating or negative feedback
A
Homeostasis
24
Q
populations are also governed by positive feedback mechanisms that result from changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment
A
Homeorhesis
25
can be illustrated by a simple interaction between two populations
Homeostatic mechanisms
26
as a framework for making decisions appeared to be irrelevant to engineering since the engineer generally did precisely what the employer or client required
Ethics
27
committed to high standards of interpersonal and environmental ethics
environmental engineers
28
The aviation industry contributes to greenhouse emission from ground airport vehicles used by the passengers and staff to access the airports, as well as through emissions by the production of energy used in airport terminals, the manufacture of aircraft and the construction of airport infrastructure.
Climate Change
29
most important emitting gas from aircraft due to combustion of fossil fuel which contributes to greenhouse effect
Carbon Dioxide
30
most significant and studied element accelerating climate change
Carbon Dioxide
31
emission is much more dominant and hence increased concentration of O3 enhances the effect of global warming
Nitrogen Oxides
32
one of the products obtained after combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen; a greenhouse gas
water vapor
33
Water vapor produced by aircraft engines at high altitude, under certain atmospheric conditions, condenses into droplets to form _________
condensation trails or contrails
34
The soot particles emitted from aircraft engines are considered to be most influential for contrail formation
particulates
35
a harmful noise effect produced by various components of an aircraft during its different segment of flight schedule
aircraft noise
36
Three Categories of Aircraft Noise
Mechanical Noise, Aerodynamic Noise, System Noise
37
comes from rotation of engine parts; it becomes most significant when fan blades attain a supersonic tip velocity
mechanical noise
38
Q
This type of noise is again important at low altitudes where air density is higher
aerodynamic noise
39
supersonic tip velocity
buzz saw noise
40
affected by the shape of nose and canopy of the aircraft
aerodynamic noise
41
Two Categories of Aerodynamic Noise
bluff body noise, edge noise
42
Alternating vortex shedding from either side of a bluff body creates a low pressure region at the core of the shed vortices, which results in generating pressure waves
bluff body noise
43
When turbulent flow passes through the trailing edge of an aircraft wing or through the clearance area of the high lift devices (HLD) attached to the wing, then fluctuations in pressure propagate as sound waves (Tollemin-Schlichting wave) radially downwards
edge noise
44
What is the sound wave in edge noise called?
Tollemin-Schlichting wave
45
possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft noise
technological advancements (engine design and location), regulations
46
generated from various systems of aircraft as cockpit, cabin pressurization, conditioning systems and Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
system noise
47
possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of climate change
aircraft efficiency, operating efficiency, alternative fuels, electric propulsion, regulations
48
What does NEPA stand for?
National Environmental Policy Act
49
Who signed NEPA into law?
President Richard Nixon
50
requires that environmental impact be assessed whenever a federal action will have an environmental impact, as well as requiring that alternatives be considered
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
51
When was NEPA signed into law?
January 1,1970
52
Q
On January 1,1970, President Richard Nixon signed NEPA into law, setting a national policy to encourage ___________ between people and their environment.
productive and enjoyable harmony
53
What does FONSI stand for?
Finding of No Significant Impact
54
Such a stand-alone finding results when potential environmental impacts are compared to a checklist of significant impacts, with the result that no significant impact can be identified.
Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)
55
detailed assessment of potential environmental impact resulting in one of two conclusions: either the EA must be expanded to a full-scale environmental impact statement or a FONSI results from the EA.
Environmental Assessment (EA)
56
What does EA stand for?
Environmental Assessment
57
must assess in detail the potential environmental impacts of a proposed action and alternative actions
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
58
What does DEIS stand for?
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
59
issued by the appropriate federal agency
Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)
60
What does FEIS stand for?
Final Environmental Impact Statement
61
After mandated public hearings and incorporation of comments, the federal agency issues a ________
Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)
62
includes the final decision about the project, the alternative chosen, and any value judgments
Record of Decision (ROD)
63
What does ROD stand for?
Record of Decision
64
interpretation of these findings, which is often done concurrently with estimating impacts
evaluation
65
Four Distinct Phases of Writing an Environmental Asssessment
Scoping, Inventory, Assessment, Evaluation
66
scope or extent of the assessment
scoping
67
cataloging of environmentally susceptible areas and activities, including socioeconomically impacted areas
inventory
68
process of estimating the impact of the alternatives, including cumulative impacts, and the impacts of a “no action” alternative
assessment
69
What does GEIS stand for?
Generic Environmental Impact Statement
70
What does PEIS stand for?
Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement
71
refers to the impact assessment for an extended or multifaceted project
Generic Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS)
72
refers to an assessment for an entire program
Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS)
73
refers to the process of calculating projected effects that a proposed action or construction project will have on environmental quality
Environmental Assessment
74
Semi-Quantitative Approaches of Environmental Assessment
Checklist, Interaction Matrix, Checklist with weighted rankings
75
these are lists of potential environmental impacts, both primary and secondary
checklists
76
occurs as a direct result of the proposed project, such as the effect of dam on aquatic life
primary effects
77
It will list direct impacts owning to noise, water pollution resulting from runoff, energy use, etc., and indirect impacts owing to regional development, housing, lifestyle, and economic development.
operation phase
78
occurs as an indirect result of the action, such that an interchange for a highway may not directly affect wildlife, but indirectly it will draw such establishments as service stations and quick food stores, thus changing land use patterns
secondary effects
79
This will include displacement of people, noise, soil erosion, air and water pollution, and energy use
construction phase
80
Consideration is given to the environmental effects of the highway route and the acquisition and condemnation of property
planning phase
81
What is 0 in the arbitrary scale?
no impact
82
What is 1 in the arbitrary scale?
minimal impact
83
What is 2 in the arbitrary scale?
small impact
84
What is 3 in the arbitrary scale?
moderate impact
85
What is 5 in the arbitrary scale?
severe impact
86
What is 4 in the arbitrary scale?
significant impact
87
refers to a two-dimensional listing of existing characteristics and conditions of the environment and detailed proposed actions that may affect the environment
interaction matrix
88
represents the extent of the interaction between the environmental characteristics and the proposed actions and typically may be measured
magnitude
89
often a judgment call on the part of the engineer
importance of the interaction
90
Sections an EA or EIS is usually organized
introduction, description of the proposed action and alternatives, description of the environment affected by the proposed action, evaluation
91
Provides an overview of the proposed project, alternative actions, and the assessment methods that will be used
introduction
92
Describes the proposed project and all of the alternatives that need to be considered, including the “no action” alternative
description of the proposed action and alternatives
93
often includes a summary of the most critical and important results of the assessment; can often serve as an executive summary of the EA or EIS
introduction
94
Description is best organized by listing environmental parameters that could be impacted by the proposed alternative, grouping them into logical sets
description of the environment affected by the proposed action
95
Out of hands of the engineers and scientists responsible for the inventory and assessment phases
evaluation
96
responsible governmental agency ultimately uses the environmental assessment to justify the record of decision
evaluation
97
may be calculated for all checklist items that have a quantitative scale, like aesthetics or historical objects, a scale based on qualitative considerations may be generated by an expert in the particular area
Environmental Quality Index (EQI)
98
What does EQI stand for?
Environmental Quality Index
99
importance unit to each parameter
Parameter Importance Units (PIU)
100
What does PIU stand for?
Parameter Importance Units
101
refers to the product of EQI and PIU
Environmental Impact Unit (EIU)
102
What does EIU stand for?
Environmental Impact Unit
103
formula for EIU
EIU = PIU x EQI
104
provides a method for comparing low-probability, high consequence impacts with high-probability, low-consequence impacts
risk analysis
105
allows assessment of future uncertain impacts, and incorporates uncertainty into the assessment
risk analysis
106
generally preferred since the overhead costs of financing GO bonds are lower and their greater security allows them to be offered at a lower rate of interest
General Obligation (GO) bond
107
Two-Step Procedure in Considering Impacts of Proposed Projects
define capital requirements of each alternative, apply financial classification criteria
108
Sample Ratios of Estimates of Market-Acceptable Thresholds
debt/capital - 300
debt/capita as percentage of per capita income - 7%
debt/full property value - 4.5%
109
Empirical studies have shown that bond offerings by cities that exceed all __________ debt ratios are not likely to be successful.
three
110
refers to the second component of an economic impact assessment
Analyses of Projected Increase in User Changes
111
collection of laws and regulations pertaining to air quality, water quality, the wilderness, endangered wildlife and other environmental factors
Environmental Legislation
112
common goal is regulating the interaction between man and the natural world to reduce threats to the environment and increase public health
umbrella of environmental legislation
113
enacted by the Congress to establish a national policy for the environment and provide for the establishment of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
NEPA
114
What does CEQ stand for?
Council on Environmental Quality
115
Who and when was NEPA signed into law?
President Richard Nixon, January 1,1970
116
first major environmental law in the US and is often called the _____ of Federal environmental laws
NEPA, Magna Carta
117
What section of NEPA sets forth a national policy “to use all practicable means and measures, including financial and technical assistance, in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in a productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans?”
Section 101
118
What section of NEPA established procedural requirements, applying that national policy to proposals for major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment by requiring Federal agencies to prepare a detailed statement?
Section 102
119
In Section 102 of NEPA, what for is the detailed statement?
the environmental impact of the proposed action
any adverse effects that cannot be avoided
alternatives to the proposed action
relationship between short-term use of
environment and long-term maintainability and enhancement
any irretrievable commitments of resources involved
120
NEPA ensures agencies consider the significant environmental consequences of their proposed actions and inform the public about their _______.
decision making
121
Where did NEPA establish CEQ to ensure that Federal agencies meet their obligations under NEPA?
within the Executive Office of the President
122
Countries and non-governmental organizations all over the globe have created their own environmental impact assessment programs, modeled upon NEPA, making NEPA an ________ in the field of environmental protection.
international catalyst
123
oversees NEPA implementation
Council on Environmental Quality CEQ)
124
also reviews and approves Federal agency NEPA procedures, approves alternative arrangements for compliance with NEPA for emergencies, and helps to resolve disputes between Federal agencies and with other governmental entities and members of the public
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
125
one of its major responsibilities is to develop and recommend national policies to the President that promote the improvement of environmental quality and meet the Nation’s goal
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
126
Oversees implementations through issuing guidance and creating
regulations regarding the NEPA process/procedure
CEQ
127
Facilitates interagency coordination to resolve environmental issues
present
CEQ
128
Established to ensure that federal agencies meet their obligations
under NEPA
CEQ
129
Develop and promote environmental policies and initiatives
CEQ
130
CEQ comprehensively updated its NEPA implementing regulations ____ CFR Parts ______
40, 1500-1508
131
Why did CEQ comprehensively update its NEPA implementing regulations?
modernize provisions, streamline infrastructure project development, promote better decision making by the Federal government
132
when was the final rule CEQ published?
July 16, 2020
133
begins when a federal agency develops a proposal to take a major federal action
NEPA process
134
when did the final rule CEQ become effective?
September 14, 2020
135
What is NEPA?
National Environmental Policy Act
136
3 Different Levels of analysis in NEPA Review Process
Categorical Exclusion Determination (CATEX), Environmental Assessment/Finding of No Significant Impact (EA/FONSI), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS)
137
A federal action may be “_______” from a detailed environmental analysis when the federal action normally does not have a significant effect on the human environment.
categorically excluded
138
A proposal can be considered in this level if it has been proven that
the proposed action does not have a significant effect on the
environment.
Categorical Exclusion Determination (CATEX)
139
A proposal can be considered CATEX due to the reason that the action has been _________ or by common sense that it will not result to a significant impact.
implemented already in the past
140
What does CATEX mean?
Categorical Exclusion Determination
141
Examples of CATEX
Research and Data Collection, Routine Activities
142
conducted to identify whether the proposed action will have a
significant environmental impact or not by means of evaluating these
potential effects and alternatives given
Environmental Assessment (EA)
143
includes purpose and need of the
proposed action, environmental impacts, alternatives, and list of
agencies consulted
Environmental Assessment (EA)
144
determines whether or not a federal action has the potential to cause significant environmental effects
Environmental Assessment
145
The EA includes a brief discussion of:
the purpose and need for the proposed action
alternatives (as req’d by section 102(2)(E) of NEPA)
the environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives
a listing of agencies and persons consulted
146
What will be issued by the agency if the agency determines that the action will not have significant environmental impacts?
Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)
147
document that presents the reasons why the agency has concluded that there are no significant environmental impacts projected to occur upon implementation of the action
FONSI
148
What does FONSI stand for?
Finding of No Significant Impact
149
What will be prepared if the EA determines that the environmental impacts of a proposed Federal action will be significant?
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
150
What does EIS stand for?
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
151
Upon issuance of _____, the proposed action may be carried out.
FONSI
152
informing public about the environmental analysis
initiation
153
The regulatory requirements for an ____ are more detailed and rigorous than that of an EA.
EIS
154
EIS process
initiation, drafting of EIS, Final EIS, Issuance of Record of Decision
155
published for public review for at least 45 days
Drafting of EIS
156
explains the decision, alternatives
considered, and plans for mitigation
Issuance of Record of Decision
157
final environmental analysis
final EIS
158
starts the scoping process
Notice of Intent
159
provides responses to substantive comments
Final EIS
160
EPA publishes a ______ in the Federal Register, announcing the availability of both draft and final EISs to the public.
Notice of Availability
161
period in which the federal agency and the public collaborate to define the range of issues and potential alternatives to be addressed in the EIS
scoping process
162
Where does an agency publish a Notice of Intent?
Federal Register
163
What does ROD stand for?
Record of Decision
164
What is included in an EIS?
Cover Sheet;
Summary;
Table of Contents;
Purpose and need statement;
Alternatives;
Affected environment;
Environmental consequences;
Submitted alternative, information, and analyses;
List of preparers;
Appendices
165
explains the agency’s decision; describes the alternatives the agency considered; discusses the agency’s plans for mitigation and monitoring, if necessary
Record of Decision (ROD)
166
including the major conclusions, area of disputed issues, and the issues to be resolved.
Summary
167
Assists the reader in navigating through the EIS
Table of Contents
168
Explains the reason the agency is proposing the action and what the agency expects to achieve
Purpose and need statement
169
Describes the environment of the area to be affected by the alternatives under consideration
Affected environment
170
A summary that identifies all alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by state, tribal, and local governments and other public commenters for consideration during the scoping process or in developing the final EIS.
Submitted alternative, information, and analyses
171
A discussion of the environmental effects and their significance.
Environmental consequences
172
Consideration of a reasonable range of alternatives that can accomplish the purpose and need of the proposed action.
Alternatives
173
A list of the names and qualifications of the persons who were primarily responsible for preparing the EIS.
List of preparers
174
provide background materials prepared
in connection with the EIS
Appendices
175
When is a supplement to the EIS required?
changes in project design, new information, revisions in regulatory requirements
176
What is Article 1 Section 2 of PD 1586?
Objectives
177
What is PD 1586?
Environmental Impact Statement of 1978
178
What is Article 1 of PD 1586?
Basic Policy, Operating Principles, Objectives, and Definition of Terms
179
What is Article 1 Section 1 of PD 1586?
Basic Policy and Operating Principles
180
What is RA 6969?
Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
181
What is Chapter 1 of RA 6969?
General Provisions
182
this law aims to regulate, restrict, or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk to human health
RA 6969 Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
183
What is Chapter 1 Section 2 of RA 6969?
Declaration Policy
184
What is Chapter 3 Section 12 of RA 6969?
Composition of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council
185
What is Chapter 2 of RA 6969?
Administrative Provision
186
Who is the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council?
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources
187
What is Chapter 2 Section 7 of RA 6969?
Powers and functions of the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources
188
What is Chapter 3 of RA 6969?
Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council
189
The representative from the NGO shall be appointed by the President for a term of ____ years.
3 years`
190
This law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy.
RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
191
What is RA 8749?
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
192
expected ratio of the number of Board reps from gov’t agencies to those from non-gov’t agencies or orgs
60/40
193
What is RA 9003?
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
194
This law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment.
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
195
There shall be two Deputy Chairpersons, namely, the _______ and ________ in the region where the airshed is located.
Department Regional Executive
Director and Regional Director
196
This law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
197
prepares the National Solid Waste Management Framework
National Solid Waste Management Commission
198
What is RA 9275?
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
199
This law aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources.
RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
200
Compositional and Organizational Set-up of the Board (RA 8749 Part 5 Rule 15 Section 5)
a. Provincial Governors from areas belonging to the airshed
b. City or Municipal Mayors from areas belonging to the airshed
c. a representative from each concerned government agency
d. representatives from people’s organizations
e. representatives from NGOs
f. representatives from the private sector
201
Members of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council
representative from NGO on health and safety
Director of Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Secretary of:
- Health
- Trade and Industry
- Science and Technology
- National Defense
- Foreign Affairs
- Labor and Employment
- Finance
- Agriculture
202
Formula of Environmental Impact Unit?
EIU = PIU x EQI
