PRELIM LAB

Question 1

represent descending axes of plants which are devoid of leaves.

Answer 1

Roots

Question 2

are roots which are swollen for food storage and which show different internal structure from true roots.

Answer 2

Tuberous roots

Question 3

are short, thick, solid, underground stems borne usually at the end of slender which arise from the lower region of the aerial stem.

Answer 3

Tubers

Question 4

are creeping underground stems of horizontal, vertical, or oblique growth.

Answer 4

Rhizomes

Question 5

are thickened, solid, erect, generally sub-spherical underground stems with leaf scars in the upper surface and root scars in the lower surface.

Answer 5

Corms

Question 6

is the portion of a woody stem outside the cambium.

Answer 6

Bark

Question 7

medicinal barks are obtained from the roots and are specified as

Answer 7

“root bark”

Question 8

are generally flattened expansion of the stem in whose axis branches arise. _____ may be simple consisting of a single lamina, or they may be compounds where the lamina is divided into leaflets.

Answer 8

Leaves

Question 9

are those parts of the plant axes that bear leaves of leaf modifications

Answer 9

Stems

Question 10

are shoots that have undergone modifications so as to serve as means for propagation of the plant. Fruit consists of matured parts (carpels or pistils which include the ovary with the enclosed ovules and attached stigma and style) of individual flowers and flower clusters.

Answer 10

Flowers

Question 11

are fertilized and ripened ovules each containing embryo.

Answer 11

Seeds

Question 12

ovul erect with the micropyle at the apex

Answer 12

Orthotropus

Question 13

ovule curved so that the apex and the base are close together

Answer 13

campylotropous

Question 14

ovule inverted with the micropyle adjacent to the hilum

Answer 14

anatropous

Question 15

he fruits of the members of the family _________ and of the family ____________ are often mistaken for seeds

Answer 15

Poaceae (caryopsis or grain)
Apiaceae (cremocarps splitting into two mericarps)

Question 16

The seed consists of a________surrounded by one, two, or three coats

Answer 16

kernel

Question 17

outer seed coat

Answer 17

testa

Question 18

inner seea coat

Answer 18

tegmen

Question 19

attach the placenta

Answer 19

stalk / funicle

Question 20

scar left on the seed where it separates from the funicle

Answer 20

hilum

Question 21

ridge of fibrovascular tisue formed in more or less anatropous ovules by the adhesion of funicle and testa

Answer 21

raphe

Question 22

amorphous substances that are either soluble in water or swell in contact with water to produce viscous colloidal dispersions.

Answer 22

Gums

Question 23

are amorphous solid or semisolid substances insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and fixed oils. They may be liquefied by heating.

Answer 23

Resins

Question 24

are natural mixtures of gum, oil and resin. Oleoresins are natural solutions of resins in volatile oil.

Answer 24

Gum-resins or oleo-gum-resins

Question 25

other term for oleo-gum-resins

Answer 25

Gum-resins

Question 26

other term for gum-resins

Answer 26

oleo-gum-resins

Question 27

are mixtures of resins, with cinnamic or benzoic acid or both, and, generally, a volatile oil.

Answer 27

Balsams

Question 28

is a natural product variable constitution and a milky consistency occurring in special lactiferous tissues.

Answer 28

latex

Question 29

PARTS OF STEM

Answer 29

-Caulinar apical meristem -node -internode -axilliary bud -Tallo -petiole

Question 30

parts of bark/wood drug

Answer 30

-pith -heartwood -sapwood -vascular cambium -ray -earlywood -latewood -growth ring -outer bark -inner bark

Question 31

2 parts of inner bark

Answer 31

-secondary phloem -cork cambium

Question 32

involves cutting a tree or shrub close to the ground, allowing new shoots to grow from the stump or roots. The regrowth can be harvested periodically without killing the plant.

Answer 32

Coppicing

Question 33

refers to cutting down a tree completely to harvest its bark. This method is used when the entire tree is needed for its wood, bark, or other parts.

Answer 33

Felling

Question 34

involves removing the entire tree, including its roots, to collect the bark. This method is often used when the root bark is required.

Answer 34

Uprooting

Question 35

It is the most destructive method since it prevents regrowth and depletes natural resources.

Answer 35

Uprooting

Question 36

This method is commonly used for species that regenerate well, ensuring a sustainable supply of bark.

Answer 36

coppicing

Question 37

General test for carbohydrates * The test is positive with soluble as well as insoluble carbohydrates.

Answer 37

Molisch test

Question 38

Molisch test positive result

Answer 38

Purple color/ring

Question 39

components of molisch test

Answer 39

alpha-naphthol and conc. sulfuric acid

Question 40

specific test for ketones

Answer 40

resorcinol test

Question 41

other term for resorcinol test

Answer 41

seliwanoffs test

Question 42

main comp of resorcinol test

Answer 42

resorcinol HCL conc.

Question 43

resorcinol positive result

Answer 43

rose color

Question 44

test for deoxysugars

Answer 44

keller kiliani test

Question 45

main comp in keller kiliani test

Answer 45

acetic acid ferric chloride sulfuric acid

Question 46

positive result in keller kiliani test

Answer 46

reddish brown color -blue

Question 47

specific test for reducing sugars

Answer 47

Benedict's test

Question 48

positive result in benedicts test

Answer 48

red-orange ppt

Question 49

test used to distinguish monosaccharides and disaccharides

Answer 49

barfoeds test

Question 50

positive result in barfoeds test

Answer 50

little dark red ppt mono:2-3 mins Di:does not appear or after 10 mins

Question 51

test for pentoses and nucleotides

Answer 51

Bials test

Question 52

Component of bials' reagent

Answer 52

ferric ions

Question 53

formed from pentoses

Answer 53

furfural

Question 54

component of bials test

Answer 54

orcinol ferric ions (Bial's reagent)

Question 55

The edge is completely smooth with no teeth or cuts, like simple oval shape

Answer 55

Smooth (Entire)

Question 56

The edge has small, sharp teeth like a saw blade

Answer 56

Serrated

Question 57

The leaf edge has sharp, tooth-like points, but they're more spaced out compared to serrated edges

Answer 57

Dentate

Question 58

The edge is rounded with small, scalloped teeth

Answer 58

crenate

Question 59

The edge has smooth, flowing waves or curves, kind of like gentle ripples in water

Answer 59

wavy

Question 60

The leaf edge has deep cuts or notches, making it look more jagged or deeply indented

Answer 60

incised

Question 61

the edge has deep cuts, creating a shape with "lobes", like the leaves of an oak tree

Answer 61

lobed

Question 62

Apex: The tip comes to a sharp point with an angle less than 90 degrees

Answer 62

Acute

Question 63

The leaf tip tapers into a long, pointed extension.

Answer 63

Acuminate

Question 64

The leaf tip is blunt and rounded, with an angle greater than 90 degrees.

Answer 64

Obtuse

Question 65

The leaf tip appears cut off abruptly, creating a straight, flat edge.

Answer 65

Truncate

Question 66

shallow, rounded notch at the tip, slightly indented appearance

Answer 66

Retuse

Question 67

The leaf tip has a small notch or indentation.

Answer 67

Emarginate

Question 68

The tip is rounded and heartshaped, with the wider part of the leaf at the bottom.

Answer 68

Obcordate

Question 69

The leaf tip ends in a short, sharp point that is a continuation of the midrib.

Answer 69

Mucronate

Question 70

The leaf tip has a long, sharp, pointed cusp.

Answer 70

Cuspidate

Question 71

The leaf tip is broadly curved and not pointed.

Answer 71

Rounded

Question 72

The tip is sharp and pointed, like a little tail.

Answer 72

Aristate

Question 73

The tip bends downward or curls back.

Answer 73

Recurved

Question 74

The leaf tip has a small, pointed projection

Answer 74

Apiculate

Question 75

The veins run straight and parallel to each other, like the lines on corn leaves or grass.

Answer 75

Parallel Venation

Question 76

A main vein runs down the center of the leaf with smaller veins branching off, like a feather. Examples include leaves of roses or mango trees.

Answer 76

Pinnate Venation

Question 77

Multiple main veins come from a single point at the base of the leaf, like fingers spreading out from the palm. This is seen in leaves like those of a maple tree.

Answer 77

Palmate Venation

Question 78

The veins form a branching pattern, creating a net-like shape. This is common in broad leaves, like those of oak or maple trees

Answer 78

Reticulate (Net-like) Venation

Question 79

The leaf feels thick, leathery, and tough, like leather. It’s firm and sturdy.

Answer 79

Coriaceous

Question 80

The leaf is thin, soft, and flexible, It’s light and delicate.

Answer 80

Membranous

Question 81

The leaf is thick, fleshy, and often has a lot of moisture stored inside, like the leaves of aloe or cactus.

Answer 81

Succulent

Question 82

The leaf is very dry and breaks easily, like dry autumn leaves.

Answer 82

Brittle

Question 83

The leaf has a shiny, smooth coating, often making it feel slippery, like a plant leaf coated in wax to protect it

Answer 83

Waxy

Question 84

The leaf is thin and light, almost like a piece of paper, with a somewhat fragile feel

Answer 84

Papery

Question 85

The surface is smooth and has no hairs, it’s completely hairless. Rugose: The surface has wrinkles or roughness, making it look or feel bumpy.

Answer 85

Glabrous

Question 86

The surface has wrinkles or roughness, making it look or feel bumpy.

Answer 86

Rugose

Question 87

The surface has a net-like pattern, often due to visible veins or textures that look like a web

Answer 87

Reticulate

Question 88

The surface has small, raised bumps or papillae, like little pimples.

Answer 88

Papillate

Question 89

The surface has rough, spiny, or prickly bumps, almost like tiny, hard spikes.

Answer 89

Muricate

Question 90

is the process of separating usable parts of a plant from other non-essential components. This involves removing withered leaves, woody stems, grasses, and other extraneous materials that may have been collected along with the desired plant parts. _____ is typically conducted both during and after the collection process. While there are machines capable of performing, it is most commonly done manually.

Answer 90

Garbling

Question 91

HOW ARE LEAF DRUGS PACKAGED AND STORED FOR COMMERCE?

Answer 91

Airtight/moisture-resistant store in cool, dry place

Question 92

WHAT OTHER STRUCTURES ARE INCLUDED WHEN THE PARTS USED AS DRUGS ARE LEAFY TOPS, FLOWERING TOPS, OR FLOWERING AND FRUITING CROPS?

Answer 92

stems, buds, and sometimes immature fruits or seeds.

Question 93

develops into a leafy shoot and does not produce flowers

Answer 93

leaf bud

Question 94

located at the apex or tip of a stem and is responsible for the plant’s primary growth

Answer 94

terminal bud

Question 95

is found in the axil, the angle between the stem and leaf, and can grow into branches or leaves.

Answer 95

lateral bud or axillary bud

Question 96

assesses a plant's characteristics through appearance, color, odor, texture, and other manual measurements

Answer 96

Organoleptic evaluation

Question 97

Male part of flower

Answer 97

Stamen

Question 98

two parts of stamen

Answer 98

Anther and filament

Question 99

female part of flower

Answer 99

Pistil

Question 100

Parts of pistil

Answer 100

Stigma, Style, Ovary

Question 101

are outgrowths of epidermal cells of various plant parts.

Answer 101

Trichromes