volatile oils Flashcards

(75 cards)

1
Q
  • odoriferous plant principles
  • insect repellant & insect attractant
  • composed of terpenoids - compounds having
    isoprene unit (5C) as building blocks
    – Thermal decomposition of terpenoids gives
    isoprene as one of the product.
A

Volatile oils

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2
Q

states that the terpenoid molecules
are constructed from two or more isoprene unit.

A

– Isoprene rule

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3
Q
  • compounds having
    isoprene unit (5C) as building blocks
A

terpenoids

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4
Q

Volatile oils are also known as:

A

aka: Ethereal oils or Essential Oils or Essences

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5
Q

Standard Storage Conditions of volatile oils

A

stored in a dark,
cool place preferably in a full amber glass
container

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6
Q

Reasons for Storage conditions:

A
  • Volatility
  • Autooxidation
  • Photosensitivity
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7
Q

Familiy: Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)

A

secretory structures: Glandular Hairs

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8
Q

Family: Piperaceae

A

secretory structures: Modified Parenchyma Cells

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9
Q

Family: Apiaceae
(Umbilliferae)

A

secretory structures: “Vittae” or oil tubes

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10
Q

Family:Rutaceae/
Pinaceae

A

secretory structures: Schizogenous/ Lysigenous
ducts

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11
Q

Physical Characteristics of volatile oils

A

Posses characteristic odor
* High refractive index - refractometry
* Optically active
* Immiscible in water but they can be sufficiently soluble
to impart their odor in water → aromatic waters

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12
Q

Difference between V.O. and F.O

A

*V.O. can be distilled
* V.O. don’t saponify
* V.O. don’t leave a greasy spot on paper
* V.O. don’t have glycerol as backbone
* V.O. don’t become rancid

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13
Q
  • vehicle; requires fresh sample or samples which are resistant to
    high-temp (Ex: Turpentine Oil)
A

Water

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14
Q

no active boiling of the sample, can be done on fresh or
dried samples (Ex: Cinnamon & Clove Oil)

A

H2O & Steam

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15
Q

-Peppermint & spearmint
– For fresh samples only

A

Steam distillation

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16
Q

Destructive Distillation – Disadvantage: formation of smoke-like/ burn-like odor (empyreumatic odor)
– Empyreumetric oils (heat w/o air access)
– Incineration: only Pinaceae & Cuppresiaceae

A

No vehicle

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17
Q

methods of distillation

A

*water distillation
*H20 and steam
*Steam distillation
*No vehicle distillation

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18
Q

2 methods of expression

A
  • Ecuelle
  • Enfleurage
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19
Q

a process involving a machine/ mechanical
device with spikes designed to puncture the oil glands
– preferable for citrus samples

A

Ecuelle

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20
Q
  • involves the use of a fatty pomade which
    absorbs the oil from the sample → Ethanol extract
A

Enfleurage

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21
Q

obtained through heat w/o air acces

A

Empyreumetric oils

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22
Q
  • involves the use of organic solvents
  • advantage: low BPs - the process can be done at a
    much lower temp. w/o compromising the quality of the
    oil
  • disadvantage: cost of solvents; some are toxic (e.g.
    benzene)
A

Extraction

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23
Q
  • Ex: Glycosidic volatile oils
  • Sinalbin/ Sinigrin (Myrosin) –> Glycosidic
    volatile oils
A

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS

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24
Q

solid portion of V.O

A

STEAROPTENE

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25
- liquid portion of V.O.
ELEOPTENE
26
example of stereoptene
Menthol, Thymol, Anethole
27
example of eleoptene
Methylsalicylate, eucalyptol, eugenol
28
most volatile products; they leave skin readily
Top notes
29
different notes of perfumes
top notes middle notes base notes
30
* Aka: fixatives : staying power * Most oil-based perfume
base notes
31
– Dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer of asia – Moschus spp.
Musk
32
– A glandular secretion appearing outwardly discharging pockets of Civet cats (Paradoxus hermaphroditus)
Civet
33
– Most valuable base note – Pathologic product formed in the stomach of sperm whale when it feeds on squid or cattle fish – Ambrein
Ambergris
34
– Natural products whose structures are made up of isoprene units (C5)- building blocks – compounds isolated from terpentine – modern definition: ‘Terpenoids are the hydrocarbons of plant origin of the general formula (C5H8)n as well as their oxygenated, hydrogenated, and dehydrogenated derivatives.’
Terpenes/Terpenoids
35
They contain open structure
Acyclic Terpenoids
36
They contain one ring in the structure.
Monocyclic Terpenoids
37
They contain two rings in the structure.
Bicyclic Terpenoids
38
They contain three rings in the structure
Tricyclic Terpenoids
39
They contain four rings in the structure.
Tetracyclic Terpenoids
40
* Contains pinene * Source: Pine Tree (Pinus palustris) * Forms/ Preparations: – Rectified Turpentine Oil: distillation with an aqueous solution of NaOH – Terpinhydrate: or Terpineol - formed by the reaction of RTO w/ HNO3 in the presence of alcohol Use: both preparations are used as stimulant expectorant
Turpentine Oil
41
* SN: Mentha piperita * Japanese peppermint - SN: M. arvensis * used as a source of menthol (by freezing the oil) – synthetic menthol (racemic mixture) – natural menthol (levo)
Peppermint Oil
42
* SN: Elettaria cardamom * Chief Const: Cineole
Cardamom Oil
43
* SN: Coriandrum sativum * Const: Linalool * Use: Carminative
Coriander Oil
44
* CN: Otto of Rose * SN: Rosa gallica * Const: Geraniol, Nerol, Citronellol
Rose Oil
45
* CN: Neroli Oil * SN: Citrus aurantium * Const: Linalool
Orange Flower Oil
46
* SN: Juniperus communis * Const: Borneol * Use: OTC as diuretic (Odrinyl®)
Juniper Oil
47
* Const: α-terpineol
Pine Oil
48
* Saigon - Cinnamomum laureini * Ceylon - C. zeylanicum * Cassia - C. cassia * Constituent: Cinnamaldehyde * Flavor, carminative, antiseptic
Cinnamon
49
* Const: Citral - combination of Neral & Geranial (responsible for the odor) * Common problem: Terebinthenate Odor (attributed to the terpene content) * High quality: Terpeneless Oil (95% of terpenes are removed)
Lemon
50
* SN: Citrus sinensis * Const: Decanal * Chief const: Limonene (HC)
Orange Oil (Sweet Orange)
51
* SN: Cymbopogon nandus * CN: Tanglad * Const: Citronellal - mosquito repellant action
Citronella Oil
52
* Const: 2-hexen-1-al * Use: OTC for hemorrhoids (astringent property)
Hamamelis
53
* SN: Cinnamomum camphora * Const: Camphor – Natural: Dextro – Synthetic: Racemic * Anti-pruritic, rubefacient, anti-infective * Camphor + menthol = eutectic mixture = lower m.p.
Camphor
54
* SN: Mentha spicata * Const: (-) Carvone
Spearmint
55
* SN: Carum carvi * Const: (+) Carvone
Caraway
56
* SN: Barosma betulina * Const: Diosphenol * Use: OTC for menstrual period
Buchu
57
* SN: Artemisia absinthum * Const: (+) Thujone * Use: Counterirritant
Wormwood Oil
58
* SN: Thuja occidentalis * Const: (+) Thujone, (-) Fenchone * Use: Vicks Vaporub®
Cedar Leaf Oil
59
contains phenolic substances in their structures
PHENOL
60
* SN: Thymus vulgaris * Uses: Antifungal, Antibacterial
Thyme Oil
61
* SN: Eugenia caryophilus (Fam. Myrtaceae) * Const: Eugenol - analgesic property * Use: common ingredient in dental preparations
Clove Oil
62
* CN: Bay Oil * SN: Pimenta racemosa * Const: Eugenol
Myrcia Oil
63
* CN: Beechwood creosote * SN: Fagus grandiflora * Const: Guaiacol cresol
Creosote
64
* SN: Juniperus oxycedrus * CN: Cade Oil * Use: OTC for eczema and psoriasis (Polytar®)
Juniper Tar
65
* Use: Anti-eczema and psoriasis * Const: Phenol & Cresol
Pine Tar
66
– Const: Myristicin, Saffrole – Uses: Flavoring agent, Carminative – Hallucinogen: date-rape drugs
* Nutmeg - "butter of nutmeg," myristica
67
Anise SN
Pimpinella anisum
68
Fennel SN
Foeniculum vulgare
69
Chinese Star Anise SN
Illicum verum
70
– SN: Eucalyptus globulus – Const: Eucalyptol (Cineole, Cajuptol, Cajupot) – Use: Counterirritant
Eucalyptus
71
* contains esters in their structure
Ester volatile oil
72
* CN: Wintergreen, Teaberry, Chuckerberry * SN: Gaultheria procumbens * Const: Methyl salicylate
Gaultheria Oil, Wintergreen Oil, Betula Oil, Sweet Birch Oil
73
* SN: Lavandula augustifolia * Const: Linalyl acetate - from Linalool
Lavender Oil
74
* SN: Pinus mugo * Const: Bornyl acetate - from borneol
Pine Needle Oil
75
* Allyl and acrinyl isothiocyanate
Mustard Oil