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BIOSTAT > PRELIM LEC 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

are the basic sciences of public health

A. EPIDEMIOLOGY
B. BIOSTATISTICS
C. STATISTICS
D. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND STATISTICS

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2
Q

is a BRANCH OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data

A. EPIDEMIOLOGY
B. BIOSTATISTICS
C. STATISTICS
D. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

STATISTICS

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3
Q

is the APPLICATION OF STATISTICS to problems in the biological sciences, health, and medicine

A. EPIDEMIOLOGY
B. BIOSTATISTICS
C. STATISTICS
D. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

BIOSTATISTICS

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4
Q

the study of the distribution and determinants of health, disease, or injury in human populations and the
application of this study to the control of health problems

A. EPIDEMIOLOGY
B. BIOSTATISTICS
C. STATISTICS
D. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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5
Q

ROLE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN PUBLIC HEALTH

A

A. ADDRESS A PUBLIC HEALTH QUESTION
B. CONDUCTS A STUDY
C. COLLECT DATA
D. DESCRIBE THE OBSERVATION/DATA
E. ASSESS THE STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE FOR/AGAINST A HYPOTHESIS; EVALUATE THE DATA
F. RECOMMEND INTERVENTION OR PREVENTIVE PROGRAMS

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6
Q

used to estimate the EXTENT OF THE DISEASE in the population

A. SURVEY STUDY
B. SURVEILLANCE STUDY
C. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
D. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

A

A. SURVEY STUDY

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7
Q

investigate association between an exposure and a disease outcome

A. SURVEY STUDY
B. SURVEILLANCE STUDY
C. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
D. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

A

C. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

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8
Q

also investigate the association between an exposure, often therapeutic treatment, and disease outcome

A. SURVEY STUDY
B. SURVEILLANCE STUDY
C. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
D. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

A

D. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

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9
Q

is designed to MONITOR or DETECT
specific diseases

A. SURVEY STUDY
B. SURVEILLANCE STUDY
C. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
D. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

A

B. SURVEILLANCE STUDY

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10
Q
  • methods provide an EXPLORATORY
    assessment of the data from a study
  • deals with the collection and presentation of data and collection of SUMMARIZING values to DESCRIBE its group characteristics

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS OR DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ?

A

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

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11
Q
  • methods provide a CONFIRMATORY
    data analysis
  • deals with PREDICTIONS and INFERENCES based on the analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS OR DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ?

A

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

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12
Q

numerical characteristics or attribute associated with the population being studied

A. DATA
B. VARIABLE
C. SAMPLE

A

B. VARIABLE

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13
Q

Types of Variables:
example: Gender, Eye color, Blood
Type, Civil Status, Socio Economic
Status

A. Categorical or Qualitative Variables
B. Numerical - Valued or Quantitative
Variable

A

A. Categorical or Qualitative Variables

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14
Q

Types of Variables:
Numerical - Valued or Quantitative
Variables

  • is a variable whose values are obtained by MEASURING such as temperature, distance, area, age, height

DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?

A

CONTINUOUS

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15
Q

Types of Variables:
Numerical - Valued or Quantitative
Variables

  • is a variable whose values are obtained by COUNTING

DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?

A

DISCRETE

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16
Q

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT:
Sex, Nationality

A. ORDINAL SCALE
B. RATIO SCALE
C. NOMINAL SCALE
D. INTERVAL SCALE

A

NOMINAL SCALE

17
Q

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT:
✔ ORDERED but differences between values are not important
✔ e.g., Likert scales, rank on a scale of 1..5 your degree of satisfaction
✔ e.g., pain ratings

A. ORDINAL SCALE
B. RATIO SCALE
C. NOMINAL SCALE
D. INTERVAL SCALE

A

ORDINAL SCALE

18
Q

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT:
✔ ordered, constant scale, but NO NATURAL ZERO
✔ e.g., temperature (C,F)

A. ORDINAL SCALE
B. RATIO SCALE
C. NOMINAL SCALE
D. INTERVAL SCALE

A

D. INTERVAL SCALE

19
Q

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT:
✔ ordered, constant scale, NATURAL ZERO
✔ e.g., height, weight, age, length

A. ORDINAL SCALE
B. RATIO SCALE
C. NOMINAL SCALE
D. INTERVAL SCALE

A

B. RATIO SCALE

20
Q

is defined as groups of people, animals, places, things or ideas to which any conclusions based on characteristics of a sample will be applied

SAMPLE OR POPULATION?

A

POPULATION

21
Q

subgroup of the population

A

SAMPLE

22
Q

SLOVINS FORMULA

A

n= _____N_____
1 + N(e)2

23
Q

STAGES IN THE SELECTION OF A SAMPLE

A
  1. Define the target population
  2. Select a sampling frame
  3. Determine id a probability or nonprobability sampling method
    will be chosen
  4. Plan procedure for selecting sampling units
  5. Determine sample size
  6. Select actual sampling units
  7. Conduct fieldwork
24
Q

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • the SAMPLE is a PROPORTION (a certain percent) of the population and such sample is selected from the population by means of some systematic way in which every element of the population has a chance of being included in the sample
    ▪ RANDOMIZATION is a feature of the
    selection process rather that an
    assumption about the structure of the
    population
    ▪ More complex, time consuming and
    more costly.

NON - PROBABILITY OR PROBABILITY SAMPLING?

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

25
Q

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

  • ▪ The SAMPLE is NOT A PROPORTION of the population and there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection DEPENDS UPON THE SITUATION.
    ▪ No assurance is given that each item has a chance of being included as a sample
    ▪ There is an assumption that there is an even distribution of characteristics within the population, believing that any sample would be representative

NON - PROBABILITY OR PROBABILITY SAMPLING?

A

NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

26
Q

Probability Sampling:

This is the most popular and
simplest method (LOTTERY METHOD)

A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING/QUASI RANDOM SAMPLING
B. CLUSTER SAMPLING
C. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
D. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

C. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

27
Q

Probability Sampling:

the population is split into non - overlapping groups (“strata”), then simple random sampling is done on each group to form a sample

A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING/QUASI RANDOM SAMPLING
B. CLUSTER SAMPLING
C. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
D. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

D. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

28
Q

Probability Sampling:

✔ This method is widely employed because of its ease and convenience.
✔ A frequently used method of sampling when a complete list of the population is available

A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING/QUASI RANDOM SAMPLING
B. CLUSTER SAMPLING
C. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
D. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING/QUASI RANDOM SAMPLING

29
Q

Probability Sampling:

When the geographical area where the study is TOO BIG and the target population is TOO LARGE

A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING/QUASI RANDOM SAMPLING
B. CLUSTER SAMPLING
C. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
D. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

B. CLUSTER SAMPLING

30
Q

Non - Probability Sampling:

✔ no system of selection but only those whom the researcher or interviewer meet by chance are include the sample.
✔PICKING OUT PEOPLE in the most convenient and fastest way
✔ not representative of target population because sample are selected if they can be accessed EASILY AND CONVENIENTLY
✔ Advantage: EASY TO USE
✔ Disadvantage: BIAS IS PRESENT
✔ DELIVER ACCURATE RESULT when the population is HOMOGENOUS

A

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

31
Q

Non - Probability Sampling:

the respondents are chosen BASED ON THEIR KNOWLEDGE of the information desired

A

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

32
Q

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING:
specified number of persons of certain types are include in the sample.

QUOTA SAMPLING OR JUDGMENT SAMPLING ?

A

QUOTA SAMPLING

33
Q

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING:
sample is taken based on certain judgements about the overall
population

QUOTA SAMPLING OR JUDGMENT SAMPLING ?

A

JUDGMENT SAMPLING

BIOSTAT (5 decks)

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