PRELIM LEC 2: INTRODUCTION; AGENTS OF SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
ways of reproduction of yeast cells
A
binary fission
budding
pseudohyphae formation (asexual)
2
Q
ways of reproduction of molds
A
sexual and asexual
3
Q
term used for conidida formation
A
conidiogenesis
4
Q
types of conidiogenesis
A
blastic conidiogenesis and thallic conidiogenesis
5
Q
how is conidium formed
A
asexual reproduction
6
Q
specialized fruiting structures that carries out asexual reproduction
A
conidiogenous cells
7
Q
type of conidiogenesis where the septum forms first, and new growth beyond the septum becomes the daughter cell
A
thallic conidiogenesis
8
Q
type of conidiogenesis where the parent cell enlarges, a septum forms, and the enlarged portion splits off to form a daughter cell
A
blastic conidiogenesis
9
Q
what are the asexual spores of fungi
A
chlamydospores
blastospore/blastoconidia
arthrospores
macroconidia and microconidia
conidiospores
sporangiospore
10
Q
this type of spore is thick walled resistant if exposed to adverse environments
A
chlamydospores
11
Q
how are chlamydospores produced
A
produced by rounding up and enlargement of hyphal segments
12
Q
chlamydospores are formed by what fungi species
A
Candida species
13
Q
chlamydospore that forms at the hyphal tip
A
terminal
14
Q
chlamydospore that forms within the hyphal strand
A
intercalary
15
Q
chlamydospore that forms at the hyphal sides
A
sessile
16
Q
what kind of fungi is Candida albicans in which it has to ability to grow as a a yeast and mold depending on environmental factors
A
dimorphic fungi
17
Q
what is the process of yeast to mold transition induced by environmental factors
A
filamentation
18
Q
what factor will lead to C. albicans to transform into molds
A
low carbohydrates
19
Q
what factor will make C. albicans transform into yeast
A
high nutrient content
20
Q
type of spore that is produced by the fragmentation of hyphae into compartments separated by septa
A
arthrospores
21
Q
appearance of arthrospores microscopically
A
box-like/train like
22
Q
fungi species that produce arthrospores
A
Coccidiodes immitis
Geotrichum candidum
23
Q
in what areas and under what conditions is C. immitis usually grow
A
deserts, hot temperature
24
Q
how can C. immitis infect humans
A
through releasing spores in the air by causing their hyphae to become fragmented at the area where septa is found
25
how can humans acquire C. immitis
inhalation, causing lung infection
26
describe macroconidia
large, septated, splindle-shaped or club-shaped
exospore
27
describe microconidia
smaller than macroconidia
round, elliptical, pyriform, tear-shaped
born singly or grape like clusters along the hyphae
28
group of fungi where macroconidia and microconidia belong
dermatophytes
29
dermatophytes require what substance to grow
keratin
30
dermatophytes cause what kinds of infections
superficial infections: skin, hair, and nails
31
fungi species under dermatophytes
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
32
dermatophytes capable of invading the hair, skin and nails
Trichophyton
33
dermatophytes capable of infecting the skin and nails
Epidermophyton
34
dermatophytes capable of infecting hair and the skin
Microsporum
35
dermatophyte that has large multicellular macroconidia with few microconidia
Microsporum
36
appearance of macroconidia of microsporum
spindle shaped
37
microsporum species
M. canis
M. audouinii (apple green fluorescence)
M. gypseum (geophilic)
38
dermatophyte that has predominant microconidia with few or no macroconidia present
Trichophyton
39
microsporum species that abundantly grow on rice grains
M. canis
40
microsporum species that shows apple-green fluorescence
M. audouinii
41
microsporum species that is geophilic
M. gypseum
42
appearance of trichophyton macroconidia
cylindrical/pencil-shaped
43
T or F:
Trichophyton produce fluorescence on Wood's lamp
F
44
trichophyton species
T. verrucusom
T. violaceum
T. schonleinii
T. tonsurans
T. rubrum
T. mentagrophytes
45
trichophyton species that has a rat-tail appearance
T. verrucusom
46
trichophyton species that has a favic chandelier appearance
T. schonleinii
47
trichophyton species with violet colonies
T. violaceum
48
trichophyton species with balloon-like shape appearance
T. tonsurans
49
trichophyton species with red/pink colonies
T. rubrum
50
trichophyton species that has a giant size
T. mentagrophytes
51
dermatophyte fungi that only has club-shaped macroconidia
Epidermophyton
52
appearance of epidermophyton macroconidia microscopically
beaver tail appearnace
53
species under epidermophyton
E. floccosum
54
known as ring worm
tinea corporis
55
known as athlete's foot
tinea pedis
56
known as jock's itch
tinea cruris
57
dermatophytosis of beard area and genus of the organism that caused
tinea barbae (Trichophyton)
58
dermatophytosis of the scalp and genus of the organism that caused
tinea capititis (Microsporum, Trichophyton)
59
dermatophytosis of the arms, legs, torso and genus of the organism that caused
tinea corporis (Trichophyton, Microsporum)
60
dermatophytosis of genitocrural folds and genus of the organism that caused
tinea cruris (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)
61
dermatophytosis of the nails and genus of the organism that caused
tinea unguium (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)
62
what areas of the body does tinea favosa infect
scalp, torso
63
this MOT is associated with humans only; person to person transmission through contaminated objects
anthropophilic
64
this MOT is associated with animals; direct transmission to humans by close contact with animals
zoophilic
65
this MOT is usually found in soil; transmitted through direct exposure
geophilic
66
chronic type MOT
anthropophilic
67
acute type MOT
zoophilic
68
screening medium of dermatophytes; recovery of dermatophytes from hair, skin and nails
dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
69
primary color and end color of DTM
yellow -> red
70
pH indicator of DTM
phenol red
71
dermatophytes produce what metabolites which raise the pH and change the color of medium into red
alkaline phosphatase
72
this kind of spores are produced in a chain at the tip of a conidiophore, often confused with microconidia
conidiospores
73
elongated and flask shaped projection rising from the vesicle or conidiophore
phialides
74
phialides are aka
sterigma or sterigmata
75
genus under conidiospores
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Phialophora
Exophiala
(APPE)
76
has septated hyphae which bears terminal conidiophore; conidiophore expands to large inverted flask shaped vesicle that is covered with phialides that bear of chain of conidiospores
appearance similar to new whisk broom (walis-tambo)
Aspergillus
77
has septated hyphae with conidiophore that exhibit branching to form metulae, which give rise to phialides with chain of conidiospores
appearance similar to overused whisk broom
Penicillium
78
has septated hyphae with flask shaped phialides with cup-shaped collarettes with conidiospores; easiest to differentiate among the APPE
Phialophora
79
has septated hyphae with loooooong conidiophore that has conidiospores at its tapering end; has opposite characteristics with phialophora
Exophiala
80
these asexual spores contain a sac or sporangium
sporangiospores
81
T or F:
sporangiospores can be nonseptated but not coenocyotic
F
can be either (unique)
82
zygomycetes of sporangiospores
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
83
zygomycete with no rhizoids
Mucor
84
zygomycete with internodal rhizoids
Absidia
85
zygomycete with nodal rhizoids
Rhizopus
86
3 phases of sexual reproduction
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis
87
phase where fusion of haploid results to one organism with two nuclei
plasmogamy
88
phase where diploid nucleus become haploid
meiosis
89
phase where fusion of nuclei form diploid organism
karyogamy
90
phase that produce a dikaryotic fungi
plasmogamy
91
phase that produce a diploid fungus
karyogamy
92
phase that produce a haploid fungi from diploid nuclei
meiosis
93
spores under sexual reproduction
zygospores
ascospores
basidiospores (ZAB)
94
genus under zygospores
Phycomycetes
95
genus under ascospores
Aspergillus
96
genus under basidiospores
Cryptococcus
97
sexual reproduction spores that has clusters of four to eight spores within a sac
ascospores
98
what is the sac of ascospores called
ascus
99
genus under ascospores
Aspergillus
Phialophora
Exophiala
100
how can ascomycetes reproduce sexually
by forming ascospores
101
how can ascomycetes reproduce asexually
by forming conidiospores
102
sexual reproduction spores that involves fusion of two identical cells arising from fused hyphae
zygospores
103
how can zygomycota reproduce asexually
by production of sporangiospores
104
how can zygomycota reproduce sexually
by production of zygospores
105
sexual reproduction spores that are contained in a club shaped basidium; mushrooms
basidiospores
106
what group do mushrooms belong
basidiomycete
107
how can basidiomycetes reproduce asexually
hyphae fragmentation
108
imperfect fungi
deuteromycetes/fungi imperfecti
109
T or F:
deuteromycetes cannot reproduce sexually
T
110
one of the best known genera of the imperfect fungi
Penicillium
111
mold species that frequently grows on fruit and source of the antibiotic penicillin
Penicillium notatum
112
these type of mycoses are limited to stratum corneum
superficial mycoses
113
difference of cutaneous mycoses and superficial mycoses
superficial mycoses: limited to surface (stratum corneum)
cutaneous: can infect until the last layer of skin (stratum basale)
114
MOT of superficial mycoses
direct contact
115
superficial mycoses has high affinity to what substance
keratin
116
superficial mycoses have the ability to produce what enzyme, and what is the mechanism of that enzyme
keratinase, allows fungi to metabolize the liver on human keratin
117
T or F:
superficial mycoses are deadly since it induces an inflammatory response and pathological changes
F
(no contact with living tissue, hence no inflammation and pathological changes)
118
fungi class that is the major cause of morbidity
superficial mycoses
119
known as "ap-ap"
tinea versicolor
120
affected skin is hypopigmented
tinea versicolor
121
affected skin is hyperpigmented
tinea nigra
122
appearance of tinea versicolor
spaghetti (hyphae) and meatballs (yeast) appearance
123
causative agent of tinea versicolor and Pityriasis versicolor
Malassezia furfur
124
causative agent of tinea nigra
Hortea werneckii
125
former name of H. werneckii
Exophiala werneckii
126
causative agent of white piedra
Trichosporon beigelii
127
causative agents of black piedra
Piedraia hortae
128
diseases associated with Malassezia furfur
dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis (severe form of dandruff)
129
this component causes inflammatory response in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis
oleic acid
130
how can Malassezia produce oleic acid
by metabolizing TAG in the sebum with lipase and converts them to oleic acid
131
this substance increases the cell turnover by 2-3 days (shedding) in the scalp that cause dandruff
oleic acid
132
tinea nigra is aka
phaeohypomycosis
133
MOT of tinea nigra
direct contact
134
how can tinea nigra be removed
forceful scraping (painful, accompanied with lidocaine as local anesthesia)
135
what part of the body does tinea nigra tend to appear
eccrine sweat glands
136
what characteristic makes fungus tend to appear in eccrine sweat glands
halophilic
137
appearance of tinea nigra in direct microscopy
septated hyphae with brown/black olivaceous two celled conidiospore
138
epidemics in families sharing of combs and hairbrushes
black piedra
139
what do the infected hairs of black piedra demonstrate
hard black nodules on the shaft
140
T or F:
black piedra penetrate the hair follicle
F
141
characteristic of scalp hair with black piedra
sandy, rough
142
specimen for laboratory diagnosis of black piedra
hairs with hard black nodules
143
microscopic appearance of black piedra
nodules with pigmented center containing ascus, ascospores
144
superficial cosmetic infection of the hair shaft
white piedra
145
what hair sites does white piedra usually infect
pubic hair, axilla, facial and genital hair
146
physical characteristic of white piedra
irregular, soft, white or light brown nodules
147
microscopic diagnosis of white piedra
demonstration of arthrospores
148
stains used for superficial mycoses
10% KOH
lactophenol cotton blue
149
Non dermatophyte species
Malassezia furfur
Hortaea werneckii
Pedraia hortae
Trichosporum beigelli
150
Organism that has bacon and eggs appearance
Malassezia furfur
151
Differentiate dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes
Dermatophytes can be superficial and cutaneous while non-dermatophytes and superficial only
152
Enzyme produced by dermatophytes
Keratinase
153
What form is tissue invasion of Candida albicans
Mold form
154
Dermatophytes are agents of
Ring worm, athlete’s foot
155
Causative agent of hyperpigmentation and hypo pigmentation of superficial mycoses
Malassezia furfur
