prelim lesson 3

Question 1

define health according to WHO 1947

Answer 1

is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 2

define health according to President’s Commission , 1953

Answer 2

Health is not a condition;it is an adjustment. It is not a state but a process. The process adapts the individual not only to our physical, but also our social environments.

Question 3

Definition of Wellness according to Halbert Dunn

Answer 3

An integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which individual is capable. It requires that the individual maintain a continuum of balance and purposeful direction within the environment where he is functioning.

Question 4

other definitions of wellness

Answer 4

wellness is a state of wellbeing

it means engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential

Question 5

wellness is a choice

Answer 5

it is a decision you make toward optimal health

Question 6

wellness is a way of life

Answer 6

a lifestyle you design to achieve your highest potential for wellbeing

Question 7

wellness is a process

Answer 7

a developing awareness that there is no end point but that health and happiness are possible in each moment here and now

Question 8

wellness is an efficient channeling of energy

Answer 8

received from the environment , transformed within you, and sent on to affect the world outside.

Question 9

wellness is the

Answer 9

loving acceptance of yourself

Question 10

wellness is the integration of mind, body and spirit

Answer 10

the appreciation that everything you do, and think and feel and believe has an impact in your state of health

Question 11

well-being as defined by Leddy and Pepper 1993

Answer 11

is a subjective perception of balance, harmony and vitality.

Question 12

Six Dimensions of Wellness according to anspaugh, et. al.

Answer 12

Physical 
social 
emotional
intellectual
spiritual
sexual

Question 13

physical dimension

Answer 13

genetic make-up, developmental level, race and sex are all part of an individual’s physical dimension and strongly influence health status and health practice

Question 14

social dimension

Answer 14

Concerns the sense of having support available from family and friends, practices, values and beliefs that determine health.

Question 15

emotional dimension

Answer 15

refers to feelings, affect and the person’s ability to express these.
it also includes belief in one’s worth

Question 16

intellectual dimension

Answer 16

encompasses the cognitive abilities , educational background and past experiences; positive sense of purpose.

Question 17

spiritual dimension

Answer 17

refers to the recognition and the ability to practice moral or religious principles and beliefs;recognition and maintenance of a harmonious relationship with a Supreme Being.

Question 18

sexual dimension

Answer 18

refers to the acceptance and ability to achieve satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality.

Question 19

Models of Health

Answer 19

1 Smith’s Models of Health
2 Leavell and Vlark’s Agent-Host-Environment Model/ Ecological Model
3 Health-illness Continua (McCann/Flynn & Hefforn 1984
4 Health belief model

Question 20

1) Smith’s Model of Health

Answer 20

a) Clinical Model
b) Role Performance Model
>Adaptive Model
>Eudaemonistic Model

Question 21

1) Smith’s Model of Health

a) Clinical Model

Answer 21

people are viewed as physiologic systems with related functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury.

Question 22

1) Smith’s Model of Health

b) Role Performance Model

Answer 22

Health is define in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles, that is, to perform work

Question 23

1) Smith’s Model of Health

>Adaptive Model

Answer 23

Health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation or maladaptation

Question 24

1) Smith’s Model of Health

>Eudaemonistic Model

Answer 24

Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential

Question 25

Three Dynamic Interactive Elements in Leavell and Clark's /Ecological Model

Answer 25

Agent Host Environment

Question 26

agent

Answer 26

any environmental factor or stressor that by its presence or absence can lead to illness or disease

Question 27

host

Answer 27

persons who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease

Question 28

environment

Answer 28

all factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease

Question 29

3 ) Health-illness Continua (McCann/Flynn & Hefforn 1984)

Answer 29

used to measure a persin's perceived level of wellness

Question 30

Health-illness Continua | Dunn's high level Wellness Grid

Answer 30

demonstrates the interaction of environment with the illness-wellness continuum. The health axis extends from peak wellness to death, and the environmental axis extends from very favorable to very unfavorable

Question 31

Health-illness Continua | Dunn's High Level Wellness Grid

Answer 31

1. High level wellness in a favorable environment 2. Emergent high level wellness in an unfavorable environment 3. Protected poor health in a favorable environment 4. Poor health in an unfavorable environment.

Question 32

Health-illness Continua | Travis' Illness-Wellness Continuum

Answer 32

ranges from high level wellness to premature death. Movement to the right of neutral point indicates increasing level of health and well being. Moving to the left indicates a progressively decreasing state of health.

Question 33

Health-illness Continua | Travis' Illness-Wellness Continuum-Increasing level of health is achieved in three steps

Answer 33

1 Awareness 2 Education 3 Growth

Question 34

Health Belief Model | Rosenstock (1974)

Answer 34

a relation exists between a person's belief and actions -proposed a health belief model intended to predict which individuals would or would not use such preventive measures as screening for early detection of cancer.

Question 35

Health Belief Model | Becker modified this model to include what components?

Answer 35

1 Individual Perception a) Perceived Susceptibility b) Perceived Seriousness c) Perceived Threat 2 Modifying Factors a Demographic Variables (age,sex,race,ethnicity) b Socio-psychologic Variables (social pressure or influence may encourage preventive health behavior) c Structural Variables (knowledge about the target disease and prior contact with it) d Cues-to-Action (Internal-feelings of fatigue, uncomfortable symptoms, thoughts about the condition of an ill person who is close | External mass media campaigns, advice from others, reminder postcard from a physician, illness of family members or friend, newspaper or magazine article) 3 Likelihood of Action a Perceived benefits of the action (refraining from smoking to prevent lung cancer) b Perceived barriers to action (cost, inconvenience, lifestyle changes)

Question 36

Health Belief Model Rosenstock assumed that... Becker added.... Pender adds two further considerations:

Answer 36

Rosenstock assumed that good health is an objective common to all people. Becker added "positive health motivation" as a consideration Pender adds two further considerations >The importance of Health to the Person >Perceived Control

Question 37

>Importance of Health to the Person

Answer 37

behavior indicating that health is perceived as something of value includes providing special foods and vitamins, having regular dental check-ups, participating in screening tests

Question 38

>Perceived Control

Answer 38

people who perceive that they have control ober their own health are more likely to use preventive services than on people who feel powerless

Question 39

Stages of Wellness

Answer 39

1 Awareness 2 Education 3 Growth

Question 40

Wellness Behaviors and Healthy Lifestyles

Answer 40

- not smoking - exercising aerobically at least 3 times a week - limiting alcohol consumption no more than 7 drinks per week - taking actions to preserve environment - eating wholesome nutritious foods - reducing caffeine intake - taking time to help others who are less fortunate - engaging in meditation and other practices - practicing safer sex - avoiding inappropriately passive behavior - avoiding aggressive behavior - balancing work with social and other activities

Question 41

Illness

Answer 41

a highly personal state in which the person's physical, emotional , intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. It is highly subjective; only the individual person can say he/she is ill.

Question 42

disease

Answer 42

an alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capabilities or a shortening of the normal life span.

Question 43

Etiology

Answer 43

the causation of disease. It includes identification of all causal factors that act together to bring out the particular disease.

Question 44

Acute illness

Answer 44

characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short duration. The symptoms often appear abruptly and subside quickly, and depending on the cause may or may not require intervention by health professionals

Question 45

Chronic Illness

Answer 45

one that lasts for an extended period . usually 6 ,months, and often for a person's life; usually have a slow onset and often have periods of remission when the symptoms disappear, and exacerbation, when the symptoms reappear.

Question 46

illness behavior

Answer 46

is a coping mechanism that involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system.

Question 47

Suchman's Stages of illness

Answer 47

``` stage 1-symptom experience stage 2 assumption of the sick role stage 3 medical care contact stage 4 dependent client role stage 5 recovery and rehabilitation ```

Question 48

stage 1-symptom experience

Answer 48

- Person comes to believe something is wrong - may experience some symptoms such as pain, rash, cough, fever, or bleeding - unwell person usually consults others about the symptoms or feelings - may try home remedies - if self management is ineffective, person enters next stage

Question 49

stage 1-symptom experience | 3 aspect

Answer 49

- Physical experience of symptoms - cognitive aspect (the interpretation of symptoms in terms that have some meaning to the person) - the emotional response

Question 50

stage 2 assumption of the sick role

Answer 50

-person accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation from family and friends -often continues with self medication and delay contact with health care professionals as long as possible people may be excused from normal duties and role expectations when symptoms persist person is motivated to seek professional help -emotional responses during this stage: (withdrawal, anxiety, fear, depression)

Question 51

stage 3 medical care contact

Answer 51

-sick person seeks the advice of a health professional either on their own initiative or at the urging of significant others -information obtained from health care professionals: a. validation of real illness b. explanation of symptoms in understandable terms c. reassurance that they will be all right or prediction of what outcome will be. -client may accept or deny the diagnosis >accept= the client follows the medication >deny/not accepted/ reject= client may seek the advice of other health care professionals, or quasi practitioners who will provide a diagnosis that fits the client's perception

Question 52

stage 4 dependent client role

Answer 52

- dependent on health care professional for help - people vary greatly in the degree of ease with which they can give up their independence. Role obligations such as those of wage earners, father, mother, student, etc. complicate the decision to give up independence - dependent on family and friends for support

Question 53

stage 5 recovery and rehabilitation

Answer 53

client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and resume former roles and responsibilities - for people with acute illness, the time is generally short and recovery is usually rapid - for people with long term illnesses and must adjust their lifestyle may find very difficult - for clients with permanent disability, this stage may require therapy to learn how to make major adjustments in functioning.

Question 54

levels of prevention (Leavell and Clark)

Answer 54

1. Primary Prevention 2. Secondary Prevention 3. Tertiary Prevention

Question 55

1. Primary Prevention (General)

Answer 55

precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally healthy individuals or groups Purpose:to decrease the risk or exposure of the individual or community to disease focus: health promotion:protection against specific health problems

Question 56

2. Secondary Prevention (investigation )

Answer 56

includes prevention of complication and disabilities Purpose: to identify individuals in a early stage of disease process and to limit future disability focus: early identification of health problems:prompt intervention to alleviate health problems

Question 57

3. Tertiary Prevention (Rehabilitation)

Answer 57

begins after an illness, hen a defect or disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible Purpose: help rehabilitate individuals and restore them to an optimum level of functioning within the constraints of disability. Focus: restoration:rehabilitation

Question 58

1. Primary Prevention (General) examples

Answer 58

- health education on healthy lifestyle - immunizations - risk assessment for specific disease - family planning and marriage counseling - environmental sanitation

Question 59

2. Secondary Prevention (investigation ) examples

Answer 59

examples -screening surveys and procedures of any type encouraging regular medical and dental check ups -assessing the growth and development of children

Question 60

3. Tertiary Prevention (Rehabilitation) examples

Answer 60

referring a client who had a colostomy to a support group - teaching client who has diabetes to identify and prevent complications - teaching clients to use crutches