Prelim Topic 1

Question 1

It is a branch of medicine that deals with the use of radioactive substance in diagnosis or treatment of diseases.

Answer 1

Nuclear medicine (nucmed)

Question 2

The history of nuclear medicine is rich with contributions from gifted scientists across different disciplines in

Answer 2

Physics, chemistry, engineering and medicine

Question 3

often called the “father of nuclear medicine,” developed the tracer principle. He coined the term radioindicator and extended his studies from inorganic to organic chemistry.

Answer 3

1923, georg de hevesy

Question 4

discovery of artificial radioactivity in?

Answer 4

1934

Question 5

production of radionuclides by __ for medicine related use in.

Answer 5

1946, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Question 6

Cyclotron was invented by?

Answer 6

Ernest Lawrence in 1931.

Question 7

Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radioisotopes by __ and __in __ as the most significant milestone in Nuclear Medicine.

Answer 7

Frederic Joliot and Irene Curie - Joliot,1934

Question 8

Nuclear Reactors were developed by __ and his colleagues in .

Answer 8

Enrico Fermi, 1946

Question 9

Physics of nucmed

Answer 9

Atomic structure, radioactivity, decay processes

Question 10

Came from the Greek word, “atomos” which means indivisible Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. The basic component and the smallest unit of matter.

Answer 10

Atom

Question 11

Basically, it is __ because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

Answer 11

neutrally charged

Question 12

The atom is made of two basic parts;

Answer 12

the nucleus (nuclear portion) and the orbital electrons (extra nuclear portion).

Question 13

Parts of an atom

Answer 13

Nucleus, orbits/shells

Question 14

Central core of an atom, Contains nearly all the mass of an atom, Positively charged, Contains the nucleons (protons+neutrons)

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

Composed of electrons, which is negatively charged.

Answer 15

Orbits/shells

Question 16

3 subatomic particles

Answer 16

Proton, neutron, electron

Question 17

Found within the nucleus of an atom and are symbolized by letter p or p+. They provide positive charge to the nucleus. Total number of protons equals atomic number (Z) of an element.

Answer 17

Protons

Question 18

Protons Has a mass of.

Answer 18

1.673 x 10 -27 kg or 1.00783 amu

Question 19

Protons was Discovered by__ in__.

Answer 19

E. Goldstein, 1886

Question 20

Neutral particles within the nucleus of the atom. Slightly heavier than protons. No electric charge. Symbolized by the letter n.

Answer 20

Neutrons

Question 21

Mass of neutron

Answer 21

75 x 10 -27 kg or 1.0090 amu.

Question 22

Neutron was Discovered by __ in __.

Answer 22

J. Chadwick, 1932

Question 23

Smallest of the subatomic particles and are found in the extra nuclear portion of the atom.
Are called negatrons and are given the symbol е or e-.

Answer 23

Electrons

Question 24

Electrons Has a small mass of

Answer 24

9.1 x 10 -31kg or 0.00055 amu.

Question 25

Electrons was Discovered by__ in__.

Answer 25

J. J. Thompson, 1897

Question 26

The nucleus is composed of two types of these particles- protons and neutrons; hence protons and neutrons are called

Answer 26

Nucleons

Question 27

Radioactivity Discovered in __ by the French Scientist

Answer 27

1986, Antoine Henri Becquerel

Question 28

Is the emission of particle or energy to attain stability. It decays by spitting out : Mass (alpha particle), Charge (Beta particle), Energy (Gamma Rays).

Answer 28

Radioactivity

Question 29

Si unit of radioactivity

Answer 29

Becquerel (Bq)

Question 30

1 Bq =?

Answer 30

1dis/s (disintegration per second or dps)

Question 31

Old unit of radioactivity is?

Answer 31

Curie (Ci)

Question 32

__ who coined the term radioactivity and also discovered Polonium and Radium, with the help of her husband, __

Answer 32

Marie curie, pierre curie

Question 33

unstable of emitting radiation spontaneously to reach a more stable state; termed also as radioactive materials

Answer 33

Radioactive atoms

Question 34

There are three reasons/conditions why substance might be radioactive Its nucleus may be unstable because it has either:

Answer 34

Too many protons, too many neutrons, too many neutrons and protons

Question 35

A fraction or percentage of original number of atoms decaying per unit time

Answer 35

Decay Disintegration / Transformation Constant

Question 36

The amount of time taken by the radioactive material (RAM) or radioactive atom to decay to ½ of its original value Every RAM has its own unique half life value

Answer 36

Half life

Question 37

Common RAM half-lives Element - half-life Tc-99m = I-131 = I-123 = Ra-223 = Ra-226 = Co-60 = Cs-137 = Ir-192 = Sr-90 = Mo-99 =

Answer 37

6 hrs 8 days 13 hrs 11 days 1620 yrs 5.26 yrs 30 yrs 74 days 28 yrs 66 hrs

Question 38

describes the rate of radioactive decay and the quantity of the material present at any given time.

Answer 38

Radioactive decay law

Question 39

is the time required so that activity of radionuclide is reduced to 50%.

Answer 39

Physical Half-life

Question 40

is the time required for the body to eliminate half of an administered dosage of any substance by regular process of deliberation.

Answer 40

Biological Half-life

Question 41

is the time required for a radioactive elimination in the body to be diminished by 50% as a result of the combined action of the Radioactive Decay and Biological Elimination.

Answer 41

Effective Half-life

Question 42

Most gamma rays are emitted almost immediately (__) after the primary decay process, whether it be __,__, , or __

Answer 42

<10-12 second, alpha decay, negatron decay, positron decay, electron capture

Question 43

When the intermediate excited state last longer than __ , the term “__ ” is used.

Answer 43

10-9 second, metastable

Question 44

Atomic notation A- Z- X-

Answer 44

Atomic mass (numbers of nucleons) Atomic number (number of protons and electrons) Element symbol

Question 45

the process wherein the unstable atom (parent) spontaneously emits radiation to reach a more stable state (daughter)

Answer 45

Radioactive decay

Question 46

Any atomic species characterized by the atomic mass number (A), protons (Z), and number of neutron (N).

Answer 46

Nuclides

Question 47

the original nuclide that undergoes radioactive decay.

Answer 47

Parent Nuclide

Question 48

the more stable nuclide which results from radioactive decay.

Answer 48

Daughter Nuclide

Question 49

Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic number It resembles the Helium (He) element

Answer 49

Alpha emission decay (a-decay)

Question 50

The relative charge of alpha is _ and a mass of _

Answer 50

2, 4

Question 51

has low penetrating power and most harmful internally and less harmful externally.

Answer 51

Alpha radiation

Question 52

it can be stopped by a piece of __ or __.

Answer 52

Paper, cloth

Question 53

The relative charge of -1 and a mass of 0. The β-decay has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately 0.5mm aluminum or lead.

Answer 53

Beta decay/emission

Question 54

Beta decay/emission Has two sub-modes:

Answer 54

a. Negatron emission b. Positron emission.

Question 55

This occurs when there are too many neutrons. It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration This particle emitted is a negatively charge high speed electron which originated in the nucleus. This electrons results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton.

Answer 55

Negatron emission

Question 56

It occurs when the radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates • The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus • This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron

Answer 56

Positron emission or beta positive emission

Question 57

Excited state element • Radionuclide that yields another nuclide during disintegration • Long-lived radionuclide

Answer 57

Parent nuclide

Question 58

Ground state element • Element that results from the radioactive decay of a parent element. • Short-lived radionuclide

Answer 58

Daughter nuclide

Question 59

Have high penetrating power and it can be stopped by several centimeters of lead.

Answer 59

Gamma rays and xrays

Question 60

Gamma ray originates from the __ • X-ray originates from the __

Answer 60

nucleus, electrons

Question 61

Beta particles originate from the __ • Electrons originate from the __

Answer 61

nucleus, e- clouds.