Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUCMED > Topic 3 (midterm) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (midterm) Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

2 general components of radiopharmaceutical

A

Radionuclide
Pharmaceutical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are medicinal products designed for the use in the investigation or treatment of human diseases. Contain “radionuclide” as an integral part of the main ingredient. Are administered to a human subjects usually by intravenous injection.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The atoms involved and the only nuclei that undergo radioactive decay. Emits gamma ray as it decays. This is tagged to a radiopharmaceutical

A

Radionuclide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Any chemical substances intended for use in medical diagnosis, cure treatment or prevention of disease. Carries the radionuclide to the organ being examined. This is chosen in the basis of its preferential localization or participation in the physiological function of a given organ. Produces gamma-ray emission from within the organ is being studied.

A

Pharmaceuticals/tracer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The radionuclide decay should result in __ (100-300 keV is ideal for gamma cameras) and sufficient
abundance of emission of external detection.

A

gamma emissions of suitable energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

It should not contain particulate radiation (__), which increases patient’s radiation dose without adding diagnostic information.

A

beta emissions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are suitable for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.

A

Beta emissions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The __ should only be longer enough for the intended application, usually a few hours.

A

effective half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The specific activity should be __. (Tc-99m).

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The pharmaceutical component should be free of any _ or _

A

toxicity or secondary effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Should be __ or easily compounded and should have a reasonable cost

A

readily available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The agent should __ localize according to the intended application.

A

rapidly and specifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the radiopharmaceutical must achieve a satisfactory distribution in the body or trace a particular metabolic absorptive, excretory or other pathway.

A

Biological behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A “__” or “__” produced with an area increased radioactivity.

A

Hot lesion or hot spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__ is detected with decreased radioactivity

A

Cold lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Used to denote the organ or the volume which is desired to concentrate the radiopharmaceutical

A

Target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Areas of increased flow & metabolism e.g metastases and inflammatory lesion

A

Hot spot images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Areas of diminished flow or metabolism e.g cardia perfusion infarct

A

Cold spot images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The radionuclide must have suitable properties as regard radiation emitted energy and abundance of gamma rays and half-life

A

Radionuclide characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This will depend on the mode of the production of the radionuclide, the nature of radiopharmaceutical and the cost

A

Availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most agents are injected intravenously and must therefore be of high __ quality

A

Pharmaceutical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Modes of administration of radiopharmaceutical

A

Injection-
Swallowing/ingesting
Inhalation
Instilling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are products of microbacterial metabolism which produce fever when injected to human subjects. They are heat-stable and are not destroyed by normal methods of sterilisation.

A

Pyrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Involves cellular metabolic process that results in organ or tissue concentration above plasma levels.

A

Active Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Involves movement of substance from regions of higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Simple Diffusion
26
Particles larger than RBC’s are lodged at the first capillary bed it encounters.
Capillary blockade
27
Involves the recognition and removal of small foreign particles in the blood.
Phagocytosis
28
Process by the which the spleen recognition and removes the damaged RBC’s and cells nearing the end of heir life expectancy.
Cell Sequestration
29
Antibody complexion, It is a tumor localization
Antigen
30
most famous naturally occurring nuclide, was first used in treatment in 1903 (half-life of 1620 years)
Ra-226
31
other significant naturally occurring radionuclides -0.012% of natural potassium is K-40, as the human body contains about 190g of potassium, this represents an activity of approximately 0.2uCi
K- 40 and C-14
32
is produced in the upper atmosphere due to the effect of cosmic radiation and becomes incorporated into plants and animals man.
C-14
33
Produce radioactive substances
Nuclear reactor
34
This is the most important method of producing artificial radionuclides
Neutron bombardment
35
Radionuclide are normally obtained by neutron bombardment of a uranium target (U-235) in reactor splitting the uranium atom into two radionuclides. Process which uranium is bombardment with neutron.
Fission products
36
Important in pet facility, expensive to run usually only a single target can be irradiated at one time, products decay either by positron emission or electron capture
Cyclotron
37
Consist of a longer-lived parent and a shorter wavelength daughter. The daughter product will still have a useful half-life for clinical applications.
Radionuclide generator
38
Molybdenum/Tc-99m Generator System
most important generator system
39
Which is a radioactive parent decays a radioactive daughter
Radioisotope "cow"
40
Mechanism organ radiopharmaceutical
Metabolic activity, thyroid I-131, sodium iodide Phagocytosis, liver, tc99m, sulfur colloid Diffusion brain, tc99m sodium pertechnetate Capillary blockage lung tc-99m serum albumin Cell Sequestration Spleen Tc-99m, damaged red cells Compartmental Localization Vascular space Labelled protein Kidney, I-131 hippuran Bone Tc-99m Diphosphonate/ Pyrophosphonate
41
Mo-99 (half life of 66 hours) produced by a nuclear reactor generator and fission products comes a radioactive daughter – Tc-99m(half life 6 hrs)
Radioactive parent
42
Accomplished by placing a special sterile vacuum vial on the exit or collection port Volume: 5-20 mL
Elution
43
The parent of Tc-99m • Half-life: 66 hours • Mode of Decay: Beta minus • Principal Photon energies: 740 and 780 KeV • the most common radionuclide contaminant in the generator eluate.
Molybdenum-99
44
• The most commonly used radionuclide in nuclear medicine. • Most important radionuclide for visualization. • The only desired radionuclide in Mo-Tc generator eluate. • Advantage: provides adequate time for the imaging yet allows the target organ to decay background radiation levels within 2 days. • Modes of Decay: Isomeric Transition • Principal Photon energy: 140 KeV • Produced in a generator system. • Can be bound to biologically active compounds or drugs to create radiopharmaceutical. (e.g. Tc-99 MAA)
Technetium-99m
45
Two types of generator system with respect in elution
Wet and dry systems
46
Most commonly used in regional radiopharmacies come with reservoir of normal saline (0.9%)
Wet systems
47
Common in imaging clinics • A volume calibrated saline charge is placed on the entry port. • A vacuum vial is placed on a collection port. • A vacuum draws the saline eluent out of the original vial across the column and into the elution vial.
Dry systems
48
Symbol: Cr-51 T ½: 27.8 days
Chromium
49
Chromium chemical form A. __ for red blood cells B. __ for gastrointestinal protein loss
A. Sodium chromate B. Albumin
50
Symbol: Co-57 T ½: 270 days
Cobalt
51
Cobalt Chemical Form: __ : for Vit. B12 absorption
a. Cynocobalamin (Vit. B12)
52
Symbol: Co-58 T ½: 72 days Chemical Form: __ for Vit. B12 absorption
a. Cynocobalamin (Vit. B12)
53
Symbol: Ga-67 T ½: 77 hours
Gallium
54
Gallium Chemical Form: • __ for inflammatory process and tumor imaging
Gallium Citrate
55
Symbol: In-111 T ½: 67.4 hours
Indium
56
Indium Chemical form: __ for CSF imaging • __ for prostate CA • __ for colorectal or ovarian CA
Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) ProstaScint OctreoScan
57
I. I-123 T ½: 13.3 hours
Iodine
58
Iodine-123 Chemical Form: ● __ for thyroid function imaging
Sodium Iodide (I-123):
59
T ½: 60 days
Iodine-125
60
I-125 Chemical form: ● __ – for thyroid hormone assay ● __ – for thyroid hormone assay ● __ – for plasma volume
Triiodothyronine Thyroxine Human serum albumin
61
Symbol- I-131 T ½: 8 hours
Iodine-131
62
I-131 Chemical Formula: ● __ – for thyroid function, imaging and therapy ● __ – for renal function
Sodium Iodide Hippurate
63
Symbol: Tc-99m T ½: 6 hours
Technetium
64
Tc-99m Chemical Form: ● __ for imaging of brain, thyroid, scrotum, salivary glands, renal perfusion and pericardial effusion; for evaluation of left to right cardiac shunts; for Meckel’s diverticulum detection. ● __: for imaging of liver, spleen and renal transplants; for lymphoscintigraphy and bone marrow scintigraphy.
Sodium Pertechnetate: Sulfur Colloid
65
• for pulmonary perfusion and liver intraarterial scintigraphy
Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA)
66
for cardiovascular imaging and myocardial perfusion.
Sestamibi
67
for brain and renal scintigraphy; for lung ventilation (aerosol)
Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)
68
for renal cortical scintigraphy
Dimercaptusuccinic acid (DMSA)
69
for renal dynamic scintigraphy.
Mercaptoacetyl triglycine (MAG3) or Mertiatide
70
for skeletal scintigraphy
Diphosphonate
71
for bone and myocardial imaging
Pyrophosphonate
72
for brain function scintigraphy; for cerebral perfusion scintigraphy; for white blood cell labeling
Hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (HMPAO)
73
for hepatobiliary scintigraphy
Iminodiacetic acid (IDA)
74
for cerebral perfusion scintigraphy
Neurolite (Bisicate)
75
for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
Myoview (Tetrofosmin)
76
for radionuclide ventriculography, gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic hemangioma
Red blood cells
77
Symbol: Tl -201 T ½: 75.5 hours
Thallium
78
Thallium Chemical Form: ● __ – for myocardial imaging
Thallous Chloride
79
Symbol: Xe-131 T ½: 5.3 days
Xenon
80
Xenon Chemical Form: ● __ – for lung ventilation imaging
Xenon-gas

NUCMED (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions