PRELIMS 1: Intro, Types, Design, Questionare & Hypothesis

Question 1

Q1: What is research?

Answer 1

A: A systematic and replicable process that identifies and defines problems within specified boundaries.

Question 2

Q3: Why is research considered empirical?

Answer 2

A: Because it is based on observable and verifiable evidence rather than theory or belief.

Question 2

Q2: What are the five key characteristics of research?

Answer 2

A: Systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable.

Question 2

Q5: Why must research be replicable?

Answer 2

A: To allow verification of results and ensure reliability in different settings.

Question 2

Q6: What does “systematic” mean in research?

Answer 2

A: It follows an organized and structured method of inquiry.

Question 2

Q4: What is clinical research?

Answer 2

A: A structured process of investigating clinical conditions to establish relationships and improve decision-making.

Question 2

Q7: What is the main difference between basic and applied research?

Answer 2

A: Basic research seeks to develop theories, while applied research solves practical problems.

Question 2

Q10: How does research advance knowledge?

Answer 2

A: By systematically investigating unknown phenomena and providing evidence-based conclusions.

Question 2

Q8: Why is logical reasoning important in research?

Answer 2

A: It ensures that conclusions are based on sound principles and valid arguments.

Question 2

Q9: What does “reductive” mean in research?

Answer 2

A: It simplifies complex information into key findings for better understanding.

Question 2

Q1: What are the two main types of research?

Answer 2

A: Qualitative and quantitative research.

Question 3

Q2: What is the focus of qualitative research?

Answer 3

A: Understanding a phenomenon through narrative descriptions and open-ended questions.

Question 3

Q4: What is experimental research?

Answer 3

A: A study where variables are manipulated to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 3

Q3: How does quantitative research differ from qualitative research?

Answer 3

A: It uses numerical data and statistical analysis to measure outcomes.

Question 3

Q5: What is non-experimental research?

Answer 3

A: A study that observes variables without direct manipulation (e.g., surveys, case studies).

Question 3

Q6: What is the goal of descriptive research?

Answer 3

A: To document characteristics or behaviors of a specific group or phenomenon.

Question 3

Q8: What is exploratory research?

Answer 3

A: A study that examines a phenomenon to explore its dimensions and relationships.

Question 3

Q3: What is a dependent variable?

Answer 3

A: The outcome that is measured in a study, influenced by the independent variable.

Question 3

Q5: What is a confounding variable?

Answer 3

A: A factor that might interfere with the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Question 3

Q7: How does correlational research differ from experimental research?

Answer 3

A: Correlational research identifies relationships between variables but does not establish causation.

Question 3

Q9: What is an example of applied research?

Answer 3

A: Studying the effects of electrical stimulation on reducing muscle spasm.

Question 4

Q10: What is a quasi-experiment?

Answer 4

A: A study that manipulates variables but lacks random assignment of participants.

Question 4

Q1: What are the two major types of research design?

Answer 4

A: Experimental and non-experimental design.

Question 4

Q2: What is the purpose of a research design?

Answer 4

A: To outline how a study will be conducted, including methods, data collection, and analysis.

Question 4

Q8: What is the purpose of a pilot study?

Answer 4

A: To test the feasibility of a study before conducting it on a larger scale.

Question 4

Q4: What is an independent variable?

Answer 4

A: The variable that is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Question 4

Q7: What is a control group?

Answer 4

A: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.

Question 4

Q6: Why is randomization important in research?

Answer 4

A: It reduces bias and ensures that groups are comparable.

Question 5

Q9: What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

Answer 5

A: Cross-sectional studies observe data at one point in time, while longitudinal studies track changes over time.

Question 6

Q1: What is the purpose of a research question?

Answer 6

A: To define the focus and direction of a study.

Question 6

Q3: Why must a research question be answerable?

Answer 6

A: To ensure the study can be conducted using available methods and data.

Question 6

Q2: What are the characteristics of a good research question?

Answer 6

A: Clear, focused, feasible, relevant, and requires analysis.

Question 6

Q10: What are the ethical considerations in research design?

Answer 6

A: Informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harm to participants.

Question 7

Q4: What are the three types of research questions?

Answer 7

A: Descriptive, relationship, and difference questions.

Question 8

Q5: What is a PICO framework used for?

Answer 8

A: Formulating research questions in clinical research (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome).

Question 9

Q6: Why should a research question not be too broad?

Answer 9

A: It makes data collection and analysis difficult and unfocused.

Question 10

Q8: How does a research question influence study design?

Answer 10

A: It determines the population, data collection methods, and type of analysis used.

Question 11

Q9: What does "feasibility" mean in the context of a research question?

Answer 11

A: The question should be practical to investigate with available resources.

Question 12

Q10: Why should a research question be relevant?

Answer 12

A: To ensure the study contributes meaningful knowledge to the field.

Question 13

Q2: What are the two main types of hypotheses?

Answer 13

A: Null hypothesis (H₀) and research hypothesis (H₁).

Question 13

Q1: What is a hypothesis?

Answer 13

A: A predictive statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

Question 14

Q3: What is a null hypothesis (H₀)?

Answer 14

A: A statement that there is no relationship between the variables being studied.

Question 14

Q7: What is a causal hypothesis?

Answer 14

A: A statement suggesting one variable directly influences another.

Question 15

Q8: Why must a hypothesis be testable?

Answer 15

A: To ensure it can be verified or refuted through scientific methods.

Question 15

Q5: What is an example of a directional hypothesis?

Answer 15

A: "Increased physical activity leads to a significant reduction in blood pressure."

Question 15

Q4: What is a research hypothesis (H₁)?

Answer 15

A: A statement predicting a relationship between variables, either directional or non-directional.

Question 15

Q6: What is an associative hypothesis?

Answer 15

A: A statement predicting a correlation between variables without implying causation.

Question 16

Q10: What is Type II error in hypothesis testing?

Answer 16

A: Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative).

Question 16

Q9: What is Type I error in hypothesis testing?

Answer 16

A: Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive).