PRELIMS Flashcards by Bethannie Ice

is a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment

Psychological Disorder

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Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment

Psychological Dysfunction

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was present since she fainted at the sight of blood. But many people experience a mild version of this reaction (feeling queasy at the sight of blood) without meeting the criteria for the disorder, so knowing where to draw the line between normal and abnormal is often difficult. For this reason, these problems are often considered to be on a continuum or a dimension rather than to be categories that are either present or absent.

Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Dysfunction

Dysfunction

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Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles
is set in the context of a person’s background

Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment

Personal Distress or Impairment

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deviates from the average
-e.g. statistical norms, talented/eccentric
(e.g. Lady Gaga and J.D. Salinger)
Another view is that your behavior is abnormal if you are violating social norms, even if a number of people are sympathetic to your point of view. To enter a trance state and believe you are possessed reflects a psychological disorder in most Western cultures but not in many other societies, where the behvior is accepted and expected

Psychological Disorder
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
mental disorder
Dysfunction

Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response

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DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

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is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science

Psychopathology

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is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. these are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities

Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science

mental disorder

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Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorder

clinical description
causation
treatment and outcome

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enhancing th practice

consumer of science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science

consumer of science

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determining the effectiveness of The practice

Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science

evaluator of science

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conducting research that leads to procedures useful in practice
consumer of  science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science

creator of science

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represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

consumer of science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science

CLINICAL DESCRIPTION

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-(how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?)

Prevalence
Acute onset,
Chronic course
Insidious onset

Prevalence

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-(Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year)
Prevalence
Incidence
Episodic course
Insidious onset

Incidence

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meaning that they begin suddenly;
Prevalence
Acute onset,
Chronic course
Insidious onset

Acute onset,

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develop gradually over an extended period
Prevalence
Acute onset,
Chronic course
Insidious onset

Insidious onset

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- tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.
Prevalence
Acute onset,
Chronic course
Insidious onset

Chronic course

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the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. This pattern may repeat throughout a person’s life.
prognosis.
Incidence
Episodic course
Insidious onset

Episodic course-

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the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.
prognosis.
Incidence
Time-limited course-
Study of etiology

Time-limited course-

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The anticipated course of a disorder is called the
prognosis.
Incidence
Time-limited course-
Study of etiology

prognosis.

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\: why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions
prognosis.
Incidence
Time-limited course-
Study of etiology

Study of etiology

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How Can We Best Improve the Lives of People Suffering From Psychopathology?

Treatment:
Incidence
The Supernatural Tradition
Study of etiology

Treatment:

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Three Dominant Traditions of Abnormal Behavior Include:

Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological

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900 to 600 b.c., all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil DEMONS AND WITCHES End of the 14th century, religious and lay authorities supported these popular superstitions and society as a whole began to believe more strongly in the existence and power of demons and witches. People turn to magic and sorcery to solve their problems. Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, astrological bodies ``` Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia ```

The Supernatural Tradition

in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits. Other approaches included shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head and securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church so that they might benefit from hearing Mass. ``` Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia ```

exorcism

insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable. Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the sin of BLANK, or sloth ``` Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia ```

STRESS AND MELANCHOLY | acedia

also suggested that the disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons. he pointed out that much of the evidence for the existence of sorcery and witchcraft, particularly among those considered insane, was obtained from people who were tortured and who, quite understandably, confessed to anything. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Nicholas Oresme,

Behavior in Europe during the Middle Ages that lent support to the notion of possession by the devil. Groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night . Insect bites were used as additional explanation of such phenomena. Mass Hysteria Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism lunatic,

Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism

largescale outbreaks of bizarre behavior. may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us Mass Hysteria Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism lunatic,

Mass Hysteria

(Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541) - rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. This influential theory inspired the word blnk ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Paracelsus | lunatic,

suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. They did not limit their search for the causes of psychopathology to the general area of “disease,” because they believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics). he considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. Therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Hippocrates

The Humoral Theory by ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

HIPPOCRATES

is the first example of associating psychological disorders with a “chemical imbalance.” A phlegmatic personality The Humoral Theory Melancholic A choleric person

The Humoral Theory

(literal meaning “red, like blood”) describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic, A phlegmatic personality sanguine Melancholic A choleric person

sanguine

``` means depressive (depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain). A phlegmatic personality sanguine Melancholic A choleric person ```

Melancholic

(from the humor phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under personstress. A phlegmatic personality sanguine Melancholic A choleric

A phlegmatic personality

(from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered (Maher & Maher, 1985a). A phlegmatic personality sanguine Melancholic A choleric

A choleric person

Champion of the biological tradition in the United States. His position was that the causes of insanity were always physical. Therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. The emphasis was again on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

John P. Grey

It was almost 100 years before the community mental health movement was successful in reducing the population of mental hospitals with the controversial policy of Insulin shock therapy deinstitutionalization Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

deinstitutionalization

- insulin was occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but it also seemed to calm them down. Higher dosages resulted to temporary comatose. Insulin shock therapy deinstitutionalization Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

Insulin shock therapy

discovered accidentally, and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Benjamin Franklin

suggestions on the possible benefits of applying electric shock directly to the brain—notably, by two Italian physicians, , Insulin shock therapy deinstitutionalization Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy (which ultimately did not prove to be true). Some of his followers concluded that induced brain seizures might cure schizophrenia. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Joseph von Meduna

class of drugs called (major tranquilizers), for the first time hallucinatory and delusional thought processes could be diminished in some patients; these drugs also controlled agitation and aggressiveness. Other discoveries included benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers), which seemed to reduce anxiety. Insulin shock therapy Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) neuroleptics deinstitutionalization Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) neuroleptics

(1856–1926) was the dominant figure during this period and one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry. He was extremely influential in advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition, but he was little involved in treatment ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Emil Kraepelin

``` the view that mental illness = physical illness and should be treated as such Insulin shock therapy Bolstered deinstitutionalization Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini ```

Bolstered

- thought that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences in one’s life and the learning that took place in that environment. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Plato

- also emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Aristotle

referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct. Involved more humane treatment of institutionalized patients Encourage and reinforced social interaction Moral Therapy Bolstered Greek Asclepiad Temples

Moral Therapy

of the 6th century b.c. housed the chronically ill, including those with psychological disorders. Patients were well cared for, massaged, and provided with soothing music. Moral Therapy Bolstered Greek Asclepiad Temples

Greek Asclepiad Temples

had already instituted remarkable reforms by removing all chains used to restrain patients and instituting humane and positive psychological interventions. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Jean-Baptiste Pussin

first at La Bicêtre and then at the women’s hospital Salpétrière, where he invited Pussin to join him (Gerard, 1997; Maher & Maher, 1985b; Weiner, 1979). Here again, they instituted a humane and socially facilitative atmosphere that produced “miraculous” results. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Philippe Pinel

followed Pinel’s lead in England ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

William Tuke (1732–1822)

- often considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry, introduced moral therapy in his early work at Pennsylvania Hospital. It then became the treatment of choice in the leading hospitals. Asylums had appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than hospitals. It was the rise of moral therapy in Europe and the United States that made asylums habitable and even therapeutic. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Benjamin Rush (1745–1813)

began the mental hygiene movement and spent much of her life campaigning for reform in the treatment of the mentally ill ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Dorothea Dix

suggested that the problem was caused by undetected fluid found in all living organisms called “animal magnetism” which could be blocked. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Franz Anton Mesmer

put animal magnetism to test. Blind experiment with water (magnetized and nonmagnetized) that suggested curing power. Both groups got better, mesmerism was nothing more than strong suggestion. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Benjamin Franklin

demonstrated that some techniques of mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarusdisorders. ```

Jean-Martin Charcot

Discovery that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension. Moral Therapy Bolstered CATHARSIS Greek Asclepiad Temples

CATHARSIS

His method includes asking the patient to describe their problems, conflicts and fears. He worked on the case of Anna O. ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Joseph Breuer

discovered the “unconscious mind” and its apparent influence on the production of psychological disorder Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Breuer and Freud Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

Breuer and Freud

When the Ego Loses the Battle with the Id and Superego Defense Mechanisms: Bolstered CATHARSIS Object Relations Theory

Defense Mechanisms:

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages

she Emphasized the influence of the ego in defining behavior Abnormal behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating its functions such as delaying and controlling the impulses of the id. Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Breuer and Freud Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

Anna Freud and Self-Psychology

Emphasized how children incorporate (introject) objects Examples include images, memories, and values of significant others (objects) Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Breuer and Freud Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,

Introjected objects may assume conflict roles in determining the identity, or self. Defense Mechanisms: Bolstered CATHARSIS Object Relations Theory

Object Relations Theory

The Neo-Freudians: Departures From Freudian Thought De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s theory Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Breuer and Freud Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson

Basic quality of human nature is positive and there is strong desire for self-actualization. Need to remove barriers for individual to flourish. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Humanistic Psychotherapy Cognitive Psychotherapy Behavioristic Psychotherapy

humanistic

It is a psychotherapy called the talking cure. The objective is to unearth hidden intrapsychic conflicts that cause abnormal behavior. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Humanistic Psychotherapy Cognitive Psychotherapy Behavioristic Psychotherapy

Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

Humanistic Theory Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Breuer and Freud Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

is a ubiquitous form of learning it involves a contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli and Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Classical conditioning Standardization Clinical assessment

Classical conditioning

– Systematic desensitization

Joseph Wolpe

Most voluntary behavior is controlled by the consequences that follow behavior Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Breuer and Freud Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning

RET/REBT – 1950’s - It is what we think that causes us to be disturbed

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy –Albert Ellis –

Social Learning Theory – 1960 (vicarious learning) & Social Modeling ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Albert Bandura

Cognitive Therapy (1960 & 70); David Burns, MD - Cognitive distortions ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Aaron (Tim) Beck MD

– Multimodal Therapy – 1970’s – 7 domains to address in assessment and treatment ``` Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus ```

Arnold Lazarus

BASIC- ID;

Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognitive, Interpersonal, and Drug (physical)

is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder. Diagnosis Reliability Standardization Clinical assessment

Clinical assessment

- is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5 Diagnosis Reliability Standardization Clinical assessment

Diagnosis

is the degree to which a measurement is consistent. Diagnosis Reliability Standardization Clinical assessment

Reliability

is whether something measures what it is designed to measure—in this case, whether a technique assesses what it is supposed to. Validity Appearance and behavior. Standardization Affect

Validity

is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements. The standards might apply to the procedures of testing, scoring, and evaluating data. Validity Appearance and behavior. Standardization Affect

Standardization

The clinician notes any overt physical behaviors, such as leg twitch, as well as the individual’s dress, general appearance, posture, and facial expression. For example, slow and effortful motor behavior, sometimes referred to as psychomotor retardation, may indicate severe depression. Validity Appearance and behavior. Standardization Affect

Appearance and behavior.

Clinician looks for rate or flow of speech, continuity of speech, content of speech (evidence of delusions, hallucinations) ``` Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood ```

Thought processes.

is the predominant feeling state of the individual. Does the person appear to be down in the dumps or continually elated? Does the individual talk in a depressed or hopeless fashion? How pervasive is this mood? Are there times when the depression seems to go away? Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood

Mood

``` refers to the feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point. we laugh when we say something funny or look sad when we talk about something sad. Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood ```

Affect

Clinicians make a rough estimate of others’ just by talking to them. Do they seem to have a reasonable vocabulary? Can they talk in abstractions and metaphors (as most of us do much of the time)? How is the person’s memory ``` Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood? ```

Intellectual functioning.

``` refers to our general awareness of our surroundings. Does an individual know what the date is, what time it is, where he or she is, who he or she is, and who you are Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood ```

Sensorium.

The Mental Status exam

Appearance and behavior. Thought processes. Mood and affect Intellectual functioning. Sensorium.

are made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information in a consistent manner so that clinicians can be sure they have inquired about the most important aspects of particular Semistructured interviews Physical Examination Behavioral Assessmentdisorders

Semistructured interviews

Many patients with problems first go to a family physician and are given a physical. If the patient presenting with psychological problems has not had a physical exam in the past year, a clinician might recommend one, with particular attention to the medical conditions sometimes associated with the specific psychological problem. Psychological tests Self-Monitoring Physical Examination Behavioral Assessment

Physical Examination

using direct observation to assess formally an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts. this may be more appropriate than an interview in terms of assessing individuals who are not old enough or skilled enough to report their problems and experiences. Psychological tests Self-Monitoring Physical Examination Behavioral Assessment

Behavioral Assessment

People can also observe their own behavior to find patterns, a technique Psychological tests Self-Monitoring Physical Examination Behavioral Assessment

Self-Monitoring

include specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder and more general tools that assess long-standing personality features, such as a tendency to be Testingsuspicious Psychological tests Projective Testing. Intelligence Testing. Neuropsychological

Psychological tests

This includes a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures of people or things, are presented to people who are asked to describe what they see. The theory here is that people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto other people and things—in this case, the ambiguous stimuli—and, without realizing it, reveal their unconscious thoughts to the therapist. Psychological tests Projective Testing. Intelligence Testing. Neuropsychological Testing

Projective Testing.

self-report questionnaires that assess personal traits. Projective Testing. Intelligence Testing. Neuropsychological Testing Personality inventories:

Personality inventories:

, (MMPI),

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The test provides a score known as intelligence quotient. It is an estimate of how much a child’s performance in school will deviate from the average performance of others of the same age. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Intelligence Testing. Neuropsychological Testing Personality inventories:

Intelligence Testing.

It measures abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person’s performance and the possible existence of brain impairment Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Intelligence Testing. Neuropsychological Testing Personality inventories:

Neuropsychological Testing

Pictures of the Brain - includes procedures that examine the structure of the brain, such as the size of various parts and whether there is any damage and procedures that examine the actual functioning of the brain by mapping blood flow and other metabolic activity. psychophysiology Neuroimaging: IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY NOMENCLATURE;

Neuroimaging:

refers to measurable changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events. The measurements may be taken either directly from the brain or peripherally from other parts of the body. psychophysiology Neuroimaging: IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY NOMENCLATURE;

psychophysiology

``` STRATEGIES; Use to determine what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances. NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY Neuroimaging: IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY NOMENCLATURE; ```

IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY

Use to determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs. An attempt to name or classify the problem NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY Neuroimaging: IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY NOMENCLATURE;

NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY

refers to any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations TAXONOMY: NOSOLOGY: CLASSIFICATION NOMENCLATURE;

CLASSIFICATION

``` if classification is in a scientific context TAXONOMY: NOSOLOGY: CLASSIFICATION NOMENCLATURE; ```

TAXONOMY:

application of a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas TAXONOMY: NOSOLOGY: CLASSIFICATION NOMENCLATURE;

NOSOLOGY:

describes the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology (for example, anxiety or mood disorders) Dimensional approach Prototypical approach Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach NOMENCLATURE;

NOMENCLATURE;

originates in the work of Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) and the biological tradition in the study of psychopathology. Assumes that every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, such as a bacterial infection or a malfunctioning endocrine system, and that each disorder is unique. Dimensional approach Prototypical approach Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach NOMENCLATURE;

Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach

Take into account the variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors with which the patient presents and quantify them on a scale. For example, on a scale of 1 to 10, a patient might be rated as severely anxious (10), moderately depressed (5), and mildly manic (2) to create a profile of emotional functioning Dimensional approach Prototypical approach Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach NOMENCLATURE;

Dimensional approach Prototypical approach Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach NOMENCLATURE;

An alternative approach that identifies certain essential characteristics of an entity so that you (and others) can classify it, but it also allows certain nonessential variations that do not necessarily change the classification. Basis of the DSM-5 Dimensional approach Prototypical approach Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach NOMENCLATURE;

Prototypical approach

once labeled, individuals with a disorder may identify with the negative connotations associated with the label (Hinshaw & Stier, 2008). This affects their self-esteem, although Ruscio (2004) indicates that the negative meanings associated with labeling are not a necessary consequence of making a diagnosis if it is relayed in a compassionate manner.

Caution About Labeling and Stigma

PRELIMS Flashcards

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