Prelims

Question 1

measurement tools (e.g., questionnaires or
scales) designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.

Answer 1

Research Instruments

Question 2

total number of the expected participants

Answer 2

population

Question 3

representative of the population

Answer 3

sample

Question 4

list of numbers of population

Answer 4

sampling frame

Question 5

preferred mode of data collection in social
science research particularly quantitative studies

Answer 5

Survey

Question 6

often take the form of questionnaires

Answer 6

Survey

Question 7

the difference between survey and questionnaire?

Answer 7

Survey is the process
Questionnaire is the material

Question 8

useful when the unit of analysis is individuals
or persons

Answer 8

Survey

Question 9

Why Survey?

Answer 9

• generalizes information from the sample when the population is too large
• enables to collect of quantitative or numerical descriptions of trends, attitudes, behaviors, or opinion
• preferable alternative to disclosing information about sensitive issues ensuring confidentiality and anonymity

Question 10

Anonymity vs Confidentiality

Answer 10

Anonymity - on the participants, who did not disclose who they are

Confidentiality - the researcher knows who the participant is but will not disclose the information to others.

Question 11

Why not survey?

Answer 11

• has tendencies to permit biases of social desirability (where the participant chooses an answer that will satisfy the expectation of others)
• Misinterpretation compels respondents to select possible item for their response due to predetermined list of possible answers, limiting data acquisition.
• Ambiguity occurs when subjects misunderstand the meaning of an item providing their own interpretation rather than the researcher’s intent

Question 12

Basic Principles in Designing Survey Questionnaire

Answer 12

1. address survey fatigue
2. Survey must be clear and unambiguous
3. Avoid double-barreled questions/multiple parts

Question 13

How does survey fatigue occur?

Answer 13

respondents weigh the questionnaire length when answering a survey

Question 14

Possible outcomes of a survey fatigue

Answer 14

• tend to lose interest
• answer hastily without clearly understanding the items
• reject participating in the survey

Question 15

Solution to survey fatigue

Answer 15

keep surveys at minimum length without comprising the quality of item

Question 16

How to tell if the survey is clear and unambiguous?

Answer 16

respondents quickly understand the purpose of the survey and provide answers without difficulty

Question 17

how to achieve a clear and unambiguous survey?

Answer 17

Do not compress several questions into a single item, abbreviate words, and disregard proper formatting to shorten questionnaires which may result in confusion or error

Question 18

how to Avoid double-barreled questions/multiple parts

Answer 18

• examine items with the word “and”
  (ex. “Were you able to register and vote for the 2022 Presidential elections? Yes or No?”)
• substitute clearly defined, familiar terms instead of unfamiliar terms and jargon

Question 19

Methods to reduce errors and biases

Answer 19

1. Pretesting
2. Pilot testing

Question 20

How can pretesting help reduce errors and biases?

Answer 20

• detect problem in the questionnaire and survey administration process
• reviewing the questionnaire through focused group discussion by a selected panel
• help establish the variables or indicators of interest

Question 21

How can pilot testing help reduce errors and biases?

Answer 21

• testing survey questionnaire in the same circumstances the researchers intend to carry it out:
  1. determine how long the survey will take
  2. determine possible problems the researchers and respondents might encounter
  3. gauge (guide) respondents’ behavior toward answering the survey
• share findings and experiences with others to enhance knowledge and research process

Question 22

Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

Answer 22

• Valid and Reliability - The instrument should pass the validity and reliability tests.
• Concise - Must be brief enough to elicit the needed data based on the research questions. (answers the research question)
• Sequential - Items are logically arranged.
• Easily Tabulated - Do away (avoid) with questions that will require long responses

Question 23

Validity vs Reliability

Answer 23

Validity - from professionals and experts
Reliability - consistency / consistent results

Question 24

Parts of the Questionnaire

Answer 24

I. Title of the survey
II. Introduction
A. Purpose of the Questionnaire
B. Confidentiality Statement
C. Voluntary Participation
D. How to Submit the Questionnaire
III. Demographic Profile
IV. Body
A. General Directions
B. Specific Directions
1. How to respond
2. Explain the response categories
V. Closing Statement

Question 25

Types of Survey Questions

Answer 25

1. Open-ended questions 2. Dichotomous questions 3. Multiple-response questions 4. Matrix questions 5. Contingency questions

Question 26

type of survey question that do not have predetermined options or answers allowing respondents to answer freely

Answer 26

Open-ended questions

Question 27

responses must be recorded verbatim

Answer 27

Open-ended questions

Question 28

often need probing or **follow-up questions** to clarify certain items since it typically asks “how” and “why” questions

Answer 28

Open-ended questions

Question 29

questions that have two possible answers

Answer 29

Dichotomous Question

Question 30

used to clearly distinguish the respondent’s opinion, preference, experience, or behavior

Answer 30

Dichotomous questions

Question 31

What are dichotomous questions used for?

Answer 31

to clearly distinguish the respondent’s opinion, preference, experience, or behavior

Question 32

questions that necessitates respondents to provide more than one answer

Answer 32

Multiple-response questions

Question 33

a number of questions asked have the same set of possible answers

Answer 33

Matrix Questions

Question 34

Likert scale is an example of this type of question

Answer 34

Matrix Questions

Question 35

assess subject’s agreement/disagreement or approval/disapproval on a five-point scale

Answer 35

Likert Scale

Question 36

what is being measured in a Likert Scale

Answer 36

**behaviors and attitudes** quantitatively consisting of choices that range from one extreme to another where respondents **choose a degree** of their opinions

Question 37

a series of **bipolar adjectives** will be rated by the respondents and more advantageous since it is more flexible and easier to construct

Answer 37

Semantic Differential

Question 38

intended for certain respondents only, depending on the provided answer.

Answer 38

Contingency questions

Question 39

familiar example is a follow-up question after a respondent agrees to a certain item (ex. only those who answered “yes” are required to answer the succeeding items)

Answer 39

Contingency questions

Question 40

what are considered when formulating questions?

Answer 40

Research Question Variable Indicator Sub-indicators Survey Question Type of Question

Question 41

when is a research instrument valid?

Answer 41

if it measures what is supposed to measure

Question 42

Types of Instrument Validity

Answer 42

- Face Validity - Content Validity - Construct Validity - Concurrent Validity - Predictive Validity

Question 43

also called “logical validity” in which the instrument is judged valid **“as it appears”**

Answer 43

Face Validity

Question 44

It is assessed whether the instrument meets the **objectives** of the study.

Answer 44

Content Validity

Question 45

It refers to the validity of the instrument as it **corresponds to the constructs** of the study

Answer 45

Construct Validity

Question 46

When the instrument can predict results similar to those similar tests **already validated**.

Answer 46

Concurrent Validity

Question 47

When the instrument is able to produce results similar to those **similar tests in the future**.

Answer 47

Predictive Validity

Question 48

Ways of developing instruments

Answer 48

Ad**o**pt an Instrument - *no changes* Ad**a**pt an Instrument - *changes* Researcher-made instrument