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QUALITY CONTROL & ASSURANCE > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

1
Q

it allows a facility with limited resources and personnel to monitor the basic components of the imaging process at a low cost through the use of simple, inexpensive tools and minimal staff time

A

quality control

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2
Q

it is a program designed by management to assure quality of a product or service

A

quality assurance

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3
Q

it involves specific actions designed to keep measurable aspects of the process involved in manufacturing a product or providing a service within specified limits

A

quality control

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4
Q

All medical facilities using x-ray equipment, from a simple intraoral dental unit to an image intensified special procedures system, will benefit from adopting a ________ ______

A

quality assurance

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5
Q

It is essential that one person at a given facility, the ______ _________, be in charge of maintaining the QA program and be allotted the time, equipment, and space necessary to carry out the duties that are required

A

QA coordinator

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6
Q

the facility’s __ _________ may choose to assign specific duties to other personnel but should maintain oversight and realize that consistency is compromised when several people share the responsibility of carrying out these tasks

A

QA coordinator

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7
Q

they must ensure all the tasks are performed in a timely manner regardless of assigned staff availability

A

QA coordinator

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8
Q

daily tests should take about __ minutes to perform and should be done prior to the first patient image of the day

A

5 minutes

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9
Q

monthly tests will add an additional __ minutes to the daily tests

A

10 minutes

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10
Q

quarterly tests will take about __ minutes to perform

A

45 minutes

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11
Q

the semiannual test for darkroom fog should take no more than _ minutes to perform and analyze

A

5 minutes

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12
Q

the annual tests will probably take _ to _ hours to perform

A

1 to 2 hours

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13
Q

its objective is to assure that the anode and other components of the x-ray machine do not experience shock and stress due to a sudden and excessive head load, which would shorten the useful life of the x-ray tube

A

x-ray tube warm up

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14
Q

its objective is to determine if the processor is working optimally

A

processor QC (sensitometer)

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15
Q

its objective is to keep the darkroom clean and processing optimized

A

daily and weekly darkroom QC

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16
Q

its objective is to assure the radiographic system is operating consistently

A

system constancy test

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17
Q

its objective is to assure that all components of the radiographic x-ray system indicator lights, displays and mechanical locks and detents are working properly and that the mechanical rigidity and stability of the equipment is optimum

A

radiographic system visual checklist

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18
Q

its objective is to ensure viewboxes are clean and light levels are kept consistent throughout

A

viewboxes

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19
Q

its objective is to identify ways to minimize patient exposure and reduce costs by addressing higher than normal repeat rates

A

repeat analysis

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20
Q

its objective is to assure film and chemistry quality is maintained and inventory is rotated on a first in, first out basis

A

film and chemical storage

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21
Q

its objective is to identify and minimize artifacts that may obscure clinical findings on the radiographs

A

artifact evaluation

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22
Q

its objective is to assure that screens and cassettes are free of dust and dirt particles that may degrade image quality

A

intensifying screen cleaning procedure

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23
Q

its objective is to determine and minimize the amount of darkroom fog

A

darkroom integrity/fog test

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24
Q

darkroom integrity also called as __ ______

A

fog test

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25
Q

its objective is to assure that optimum contact is maintained between the screen and film in each cassette

A

screen film contact test

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26
Q

its objective is to assure that the light field accurately defines the x-ray field

A

collimation tests

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27
Q

its objective is to assure that the source to image distance is indicated accurately

A

source to image distance indication

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28
Q

its objective is to assure that the positive beam limitation device or automatic collimation system is operating properly

A

automatic collimation accuracy

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29
Q

its objective is to assure that the lead aprons, gloves, gonadal shield and thyroid collars provide optimal protection when positioned appropriately

A

lead apron, glove, gonadal and thyroid shield integrity check

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30
Q

its objective is to assure that the fluoroscopic unit is functioning properly

A

fluoroscopy image quality check

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31
Q

its objective is to assure that the fluoroscopic unit is functioning properly

A

fluoroscopic system high contrast resolution and patient exposure

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32
Q

its objective is to assure that the fluoroscopic unit is functioning properly

A

fluoroscopy system visual checklist

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33
Q

it is objective is to assure the audible indicator for the high level control (HLC) is functioning properly, if HLC is available

A

fluoroscopic high level control test

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34
Q

it is reprinted from the 1998 ACR Barium Enema Quality Control Manual with permission of the American College of Radiology, Reston, Virginia

A

processor quality control

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35
Q

5 required equipment for processor quality control

A

sensitometer
densitometer
box
control chart
non mercury thermometer

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36
Q

a protective covering of gelatin that enclosed the emulsion

A

topcoat/protective coating

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37
Q

topcoat is made up of _______

A

gelatin

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38
Q

its purpose is to prevent damage to sensitive emulsion layer

it protects the emulsion from scratches, pressure and contamination

A

topcoat/protective coating

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39
Q

it is the heart of the radiographic film and it is the active layer

A

emulsion

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40
Q

size of emulsion

A

3-5 μm

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41
Q

emulsion is made up of _____ and ______

A

silver halide crystal and gelatin

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42
Q

it is the recording medium and is the active ingredient of the emulsion

A

silver halide crystal

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43
Q

size of silver halide crystal

A

1 to 1.5 μm

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44
Q

it is the mechanical binder that holds the silver halide crystal uniformly dispersed in place

it is clear and sufficiently porous

A

gelatin

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45
Q

a thin coating located between the emulsion and base that simply adheres the base to the emulsion

A

adhesive layer

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46
Q

it allows emulsion and base to maintain proper contact and integrity

A

adhesive layer

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47
Q

it is the foundation or framework of the film and it is composed of polyester

A

base

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48
Q

size of polyester

A

150 to 300 μm

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49
Q

it purpose is to provide a rigid structure onto which the emulsion can be coated

A

base

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50
Q

characteristics of a good film base:

A

lucency
dimensional stability
superior physical stability
blue tint

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51
Q

3 characteristics of x-ray film

A

film speed
film latitude
film contrast
spectral sensitivity

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52
Q

it is the speed point and is the degree to which the emulsion is sensitive to x-rays or to light

A

film speed

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53
Q

two primary factors that affect the speed point:

A

the number of SHC
the size of SHC

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54
Q

it is the margin of errors in technical factors that the film allows that will still produce an acceptable range of densities

A

film latitude

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55
Q

it is the inherent characteristics of the film emulsion that allows a moderate or acceptable range of densities to be recorded

A

film latitude

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56
Q

it is the inherent ability to record minute differences in densities across the film ability of the radiographic film to provide a certain level of image contrast

A

film contrast

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57
Q

3 types of spectral sensitivity

A

monochromatic
orthochromatic
panchromatic

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58
Q

3 general types of x-ray film

A

screen type film
direct exposure film
single emulsion film

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59
Q

it occurs when light forms an angle affecting a spot in the emulsion and travels through the other side striking a spot not exactly corresponding to the opposite layer, producing an effect similar to penumbra

A

parallax effect

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60
Q

the most widely used radiographic film, general choice for diagnostic radiology and is made to be used

A

screen type film

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61
Q

it is a film designed for use without the need of an IS, also erroneously called a non-screen film

A

direct exposure film

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62
Q

it has emulsion coated on one side of the base only, no parallax effect

A

single emulsion film

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63
Q

blue sensitive
sensitive to wavelength <550nm
globular grains
calcium tungstate phosphor
insensitive to red, orange and yellow

A

monochromatic film

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64
Q

green sensitive
sensitive to wavelength <620nm
tabular grains
rare earth phosphor
insensitive to red

A

orthochromatic film

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65
Q

sensitive to all visible light
mainly used in photography
sensitive to all visible light spectrum
no insensitivty

A

panchromatic film

66
Q

4 layers of Intensifying Screen

A

base
reflective layer
phosphor layer
protective coating

67
Q

it is layer of IS that provides support to the phosphor layer that is made of high grade cardboard, plastic or polyester

A

base

68
Q

it is layer of IS that serves to redirect light toward the film and intercepts light photons headed in other direction and redirects them to the film

A

reflective layer

69
Q

it is layer of IS that active and most important layer of intensifying screen that emits light during stimulation by x-ray and is made up of binder and phosphor crystals

A

phosphor layer

70
Q

ability to give off visible light

A

luminescence

71
Q

ability of phosphor to give off light only while exposed to x-ray, important to radiography

A

fluorescence

72
Q

it is ability of phosphor that continue to emit light even after x-ray exposure has ceased or stopped, produces afterglow or screen lag, important to fluoroscopy

A

phosphorescence

73
Q

the ability of the phosphor to interact with x-ray

A

detective quantum efficiency

74
Q

the ability of the phosphor to convert x-ray into light

A

conversion efficiency

75
Q

specific color that the phosphors emit must match with the spectral sensitivity of the film

A

spectral matching

76
Q

it is insignificant in radiography but is used in fluoroscopy

A

minimum afterglow/lag

77
Q

it is layer of IS that gives physical protection to the delicate phosphor layer that provides a surface which can be handled and cleaned without damaging the phosphor

it also prevents static build-up

A

protective coating

78
Q

_________ is the rigid, light-tight container that holds the screens and film in close contact

A

cassettes

79
Q

metal frame with low Z and radiolucent front

composed of magnesium, bakelite or carbon fiber

A

cassette front

80
Q

compression device or compression layer that maintains proper film screen contact

A

contact felt

81
Q

light-tight seal is completed by a snap or latch hinges

black felt is used in older styles

A

hinges

82
Q

4 layers of cassette

A

cassette front
contact felt
hinges
cassette back

83
Q

test for screen fim contact

A

wire mesh test

84
Q

transitory poor screen film contact, more obvious in the serial changing film cassette, a curved back or curved front cassette will prevent ____ ______

A

air trapping

85
Q

size of darkroom

A

15 ft x 9.5 ft or greater

86
Q

darkroom can be adjacent to exposure room only if the walls is:

A

concrete
hollow blocks
wood

87
Q

it is use to give enough visibility to accomplish necessary duties in handling the processing of x-ray film without harmful effect to the unprocessed film

A

safelight

88
Q

distance of safelight

A

3 to 4 ft from the workbench
4 ft from the feed tray

89
Q

wattage of safelight

A

7.5 watts - 3 ft distance
15 watts - 4 ft distance

90
Q

can potentially affect radiographic imaging in a few ways, primarily by influencing the materials and equipment used in the process

A

humidity

91
Q

are undesirable elements or characteristics that can appear on a radiograph and may interfere with the interpretation of the image

A

artifacts

92
Q

_______ in the darkroom is designed to eliminate heat and fumes

A

ventilation

93
Q

it refers to the image that exists on film after it has been exposed but before it has been processed

A

latent/potential image

94
Q

black metallic silver image

A

visible/manifest image

95
Q

RedOx

A

reduction and oxidation

96
Q

EUROPE

A

electrons are used in reduction, oxidation produces electrons

97
Q

activity of each individual components of reducing agent in solution is less than the activity when two components are combined

A

synergism/superadditivity

98
Q

it is the any irregularity on an image that is not caused by the proper shadowing of tissue by the primary x-ray beam

A

artifacts

99
Q

three major classifications of artifacts:

A

processing
exposure
handling and storage

100
Q

it is an artifacts that occurs during processing any number of artifacts can be produced

P.I. Lines
Wet Pressure Sensitization
Gelatin Build Up
Emulsion Pickoff
Curtain Effect
Chemical Fog

A

processing artifacts

101
Q

it is an artifacts that are generally associated with the manner in which the radiologic technologist conducts examination

Motion
Improper Patient Position
Wrong Screen Film Match
Poor Screen Contact Double Exposure
Warped Cassette
Improper Grid Position

A

exposure artifacts

102
Q

it is an artifacts occurs during handling and storage

A

improper handling and storage

103
Q

it is probably the most obvious artifact that caused by the build up of electrons in the emulsion

A

static marks

104
Q

they are drying marks, characterized by whitish on the film caused by inadequate film drainage and an increased temperature or drying

A

bleb

105
Q

are greenish white smudge at the film surface brought about the film touching each other in the area of the smudge during processing

A

kiss marks

106
Q

are either black or white on the radiograph

A

streaks

107
Q

these artifacts are half-moon shape densities which are the result of being subjected to pressure

A

crescent marks

108
Q

it is the single most important content of the radiographic system, it is the part that produces x-rays

A

x-ray tube

109
Q

parts of an x-ray tube

A

supportive housing
protective housing
glass/metal envelope
anode
cathode

110
Q

3 types of supportive structure

A

ceiling support system
floor ceiling support system
c-arm support system

111
Q

most frequently used support system

it consists of two perpendicular sets of rails mounted to the ceiling directly over the radiographic table

A

ceiling support system

112
Q

interventional radiology suites often are equipped with this type of support system

it is very convenient because of its C-shaped, it can provide a very flexible x-ray tube positioning during in any interventional radiology procedure

most common variation used

A

C-Arm Support System

113
Q

It maintains a vacuum inside the tube which allows for more efficient x-ray production and longer tube life

A

glass or metal envelope

114
Q

the negative side of the x-ray tube that consists of filament and focusing cup

A

cathode

115
Q

a coil of wire which is the source of electrons within the tube

2mm in diameter
1 or 2 cm long

A

filament

116
Q

a metal cup where the filament is embedded

it serves to focus the space charge to a target area on the anode at the time of the exposure

A

focusing cup

117
Q

the positive side of the x-ray tube

A

anode

118
Q

it attaches the rotating target area to the rotor

it is made up of copper because of tis excellent conducting ability and this facilities the conduction of heat away from the target area

A

stem

119
Q

it is a circular, disk-like structure with a slanted or beveled edge

it is made up of tungsten

A

target

120
Q

it is the part outside the enclosure and consist of a series of electromagnets equally spaced around the neck of the tube

A

stator

121
Q

it is a mechanism that is located inside the glass enclosure and a shaft made of bars of copper and soft iron fabricated in one mass

A

rotor

122
Q

the __________ ________ or the control panel allows the radiologic technologist to monitor the x-ray tube current and voltage so as to make use of a useful x-ray beam that is appropriate in quantity and quality

A

operating console

123
Q

the main purpose of the _______ switch is to connect the electrical power to the radiographic generator control device

A

on or off switch

124
Q

the ________ _____ is located on the control panel console and serves as a means to determine the length of time x-rays will be produced

A

exposure timer

125
Q

the _______ selector regulates the amount of electrical current that is being generated from a cathode filament

A

milliampere selector

126
Q

______ is generated as the current flows through the filament of the cathode, causing thermionic emission

A

heat

127
Q

this meter will provide information to the radiographer when it displays the total amount of electrical current flowing in and out of x-ray tubes from cathode and anode at exposure time

A

mA/mAs meter

128
Q

this selector permits increases or decreases in the voltage across the x-ray tube at the time of the exposure

A

kilovoltage selector

129
Q

this control switch causes the anode to rotate, turning to its maximum speed before the exposure is made

A

rotor

130
Q

x-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in _______ _, _____ by accident

A

November 8, 1895

131
Q

anode heat: ______ shell

A

anode heat: outer shell

132
Q

characteristics x-rays: _____ shell

A

characteristics x-rays: inner shell

133
Q

bremsstrahlung: ______

A

bremsstrahlung: nucleus

134
Q

interaction where projectile electrons interact with the outer shell electrons of the target atom

constant excitation

more than 99% of KE of projectile electrons is converted to heat

A

anode heat

135
Q

interaction where projectile electrons interact with an inner shell electron of the target atom

primary beam 15%

A

characteristic x-rays

136
Q

interaction where the interaction in which the electron can lose its KE

slowing down or breaking down

A

bremsstrahlung x-rays

137
Q

it exits the body and travels in different directions with many energy levels

danger to the patient and radiographer, detriment to image quality

A

scatter radiation

138
Q

the law states that radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the squared of the distance from the source of radiation

A

inverse square law

139
Q

change in size and shape of the object as seen on the radiograph

A

distortion

140
Q

it is the misrepresentation of the size and/or shape of the anatomic part of interest

A

distortion

141
Q

any geometric misrepresentation of an anatomical structure on an image receptor that alters its true size and/or shape

A

distortion

142
Q

two types of distortion

A

size distortion
shape distortion

143
Q

is the enlargement of the recorded image from the actual size of the object

A

size distortion: magnification

144
Q

unequal magnification of different portions of the same object

A

shape distortion

145
Q

if the object plane and the IR plane are not parallel, distortion occurs

A

object position

146
Q

thick objects are more distorted than thin objects

A

object thickness

147
Q

only irregular anatomy shows distinct distortion

A

object shape

148
Q

when the image appears to be shorted than the actual shape of the object

A

foreshortening

149
Q

when the image appears to be longer than the actual shape of the object

A

elongation

150
Q

a metallic barrier made of lead shutters with an aperture in the middle to limit the size of the beam

also called restriction

A

collimation

151
Q

types of collimators:

A

diaphragm collimator
round/cylindrical collimator
rectangular collimator

152
Q

to identify center of the x-ray field

a thin plastic sheet having a patient cross line is mounted at the end of collimator

A

fieldenter indicator

153
Q

metal sheets placed in the x-ray beam between the window and the patient that are used to attenuate low energy (soft) x-ray photons

A

filtration

154
Q

two types of filter

A

inherent
added

155
Q

it is a type of filter where it is from components in the x-ray tube; glass envelope, insulating oil, diagonal mirror

thickness: 0.5-1mm Al

A

inherent filter

156
Q

“added to”, additional materials are added in the path of beam for further filtration

it is a filter usually aluminum sheets

thickness: 1 - 1.5 mm Al

A

added filter

157
Q

inherent filtration + added filtration

A

total filter

158
Q

external filters placed on the collimator of the x-ray tube

trough filters
step wedge
boomerang

A

compensating filter

159
Q

compensating filter used for chest radiography

A

trough filters

160
Q

compensating filter used for long section of anatomy, translumbar, femoral arteriography, venography as well as foot

A

step wedge

161
Q

compensating filter traditionally used during shoulder examination and facial examination

A

boomerang

QUALITY CONTROL & ASSURANCE (1 decks)

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