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prelims Flashcards

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1
Q
  • medical specialty that focuses on
    the use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis, therapy, and medical research
  • determines the cause of medical problem based on organ or tissue function (physiology)
A

nuclear medicine

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2
Q

Types of Nuclear Medicine

A
  • in-vitro
  • in-vivo
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3
Q

a test procedure involving analysis of blood and urine specimen using radiochemicals. Radiation detection happens outside the body.

A

In-vitro

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4
Q

special type of procedure that combines the use of radiochemicals and anti-bodies to detect hormones, vitamins and drugs in patient’s blood.

A

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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5
Q

a test procedure in which trace amounts of radiopharmaceuticals are given directly into a patient to evaluate function of an organ to image it.

A

In-vivo

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6
Q
  • Also called, radiotracers because they trace physiological or pathological processes
  • Portrays physiology, biochemistry or pathology in the body
  • It is the combination of RADIONUCLIDE (detection) and PHARMACEUTICAL (carrier)
A

Radiopharmaceuticals

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7
Q
  • Detects radioactivity coming from the patient
  • Converts radiant energy into an electronic signal
A

Radiation Detectors

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8
Q

Smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided

A

Atom

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9
Q

number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS

A

atomic mass (A)

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10
Q

valence state

A

charge (-/+)

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11
Q

number of PROTONS

A

atomic number (Z)

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12
Q

number of atoms

A

quantity (#)

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13
Q
  • different types of arrangement characterized by atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z)
  • stable nuclei
A

nuclides

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14
Q

NUCLEAR ARRANGEMENTS

A

isotoPes
isobArs
isotoNes
isomErs

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15
Q
  • are also nuclides but they have too few or too many protons.
  • UNSTABLE nuclides.
A

Radionuclides

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16
Q
  • process by which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transform itself to another atom to attain stability.
  • parent nuclide transforms into a daughter nuclide
A

Radioactivity

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17
Q

Pertinent conservation laws apply during radioactivity

A

1) Law of conservation of energy.
2) Law of conservation of mass number.
3) Law of conservation of electric charge.

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18
Q

Decay Modes

A

ALPHA
BETA PLUS
BETA MINUS
GAMMA
K-CAPTURE

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19
Q
  • e emits an Alpha Particle consisting of 2 neutrons and 2 Protons.
  • resembles a Helium Element (He).
A

Alpha Decay

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20
Q

Discrete Energy (4 & 7 MeV)
Short Range (<0.1mm)
Specific Ionization (40,000 ion pair/cm)

A

Properties of an Alpha Particle

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21
Q
  • converts a neutron into a proton. The excess energy is released as a NEGATRON and ANTI-NEUTRINO
A

Beta Minus Decay

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22
Q

Same with electron’s properties 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Possess negative charge 511 keV
But different ORIGIN

A

PROPERTIES OF NEGATRON

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23
Q

converts a proton into a neutron. The excess energy is released as a POSITRON & NEUTRINO

A

Beta Plus Decay

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24
Q

same with electron
But POSITIVELY charged.
Anti-matter
Annihilates an electron.

A

PROPERTIES OF POSITRON

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25
radionuclide converts a proton into a neutron by capturing its own electron resulting to the release of CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY or AUGER ELECTRON.
Electron Capture
26
radionuclide in its excited state deexcites by emission of one or more HIGH FREQUENCY PHOTONS
Gamma Decay
27
Same with x-ray but different ORIGIN
PROPERTIES OF GAMMA DECAY
28
Alpha Decay Conditions
Z > 82 A > 150
29
Beta Minus Decay Conditions
too many neutrons too few protons
30
Beta Plus Decay
too many protons too few neutrons
31
Electron Capture Conditions
too many protons too few neutrons
32
Gamma Decay Condition
high energy state atom
33
Time required to reduce initial activity to one-half.
Half-Life
34
Types of Half-Life
physical biological effective
35
time required so that the activity if the radionuclide is reduced to 50%
physical
36
time required for the body to eliminate half of an administered dosage of any substance
biological
37
time required for a radioactive elimination in the body to be diminished by 50% as a result of the combined action of Radioactive Decay and Biological Elimination.
effective
38
1 Ci = ___ Bq
3.7 x 10^10
39
1 Bq = __ dps
1
40
Half-life of Fluorine 18?
110 mins
41
Half-life of Technetium 99m sestamibi?
6hrs
42
Shield used while processing, examining radiopharmaceuticals? It protects you from radiation
L-Shield
43
dispensing of radioactive materials is done by RadTech (T or F)
F. Medtechs
44
gives the measurement of radioactivity is present on your radiopharmaceutical
dose calibrators
45
SI unit of Radioactivity
Bq
46
conventional unit of Radioactivity
Ci
47
Tc 99m sestamibi is a radiopharmaceutical used for the examination of what organ or organ system?
heart/cardio
48
Tc 99m DTPA is a radiopharmaceutical used for the examination of what organ?
kidney
49
radioactive pharmaceutical that goes to organ/s or cancer cells requiring sugar for energy conversion and metabolism
- Fluorine 18 radioactive sugar. (F18-FDG[Fluorideoxyglucose])
50
In-vitro is a ___technique
measuring
51
in-vivo is an___technique
imaging
52
CT for Anatomy is used and PET for function or Physiologic Detail. The combination of this is called
PET-CT
53
PET stands for
positron emission tomography
54
SPECT stands for
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
55
Half-life of iodine 131
8 days
56
Parent nuclide of Tc99m is
Molybdenum 99
57
manner or process by which an atom or a parent nuclide transforms to a daughter radionuclide is called
transmutation
58
alpha decay is used for treatment in procedures like ____
brachytherapy
59
Term used as a combination of therapeutic and diagnostic
- Theranostic. Nucmed is an example of this
60
nuclear arrangement of beta minus decay is__
isobaric
61
F18 is most commonly used and injected in___
PET
62
after the capture there will be vacancy in k-shell so the normal response of atom is to fill in. It is called _____. L shell will fill the void in k shell.
electron transition or electron cascading
63
k shell energy is
69 eV
64
L shell energy is
12 eV
65
characteristic xrays only happen in ___ kvp
above 69
66
How many electrons can an atom contain in its outer shell?
only 8 bcs of octet rule
67
small bundles of energy
photon
68
Relationship of frequency and energy
directly proportional
69
m in Tc 99m sestamibi stands for ability to release gamma rays
metastable
70
____ are used in nucmed while ___ are used in radiation therapy
gamma ray, xray (mv)
71
3 types of half life
- Physical - Biological - Effective
72
nucleons
neutron/proton (atomic mass)
73
heaviest sub atomic particle
proton
74
can be found outside the nucleus (Orbits) (lightest subatomic particle)
electron
75
uranium to
radium
76
radium to
polonium
77
Used for treatment High energy but should be malapitan (brachytherapy)
alpha decay
78
Most commonly used in PET (injection of positron emitting radionuclide in PET
beta plus decay

nucmed (4 decks)

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