Prelims

Question 1

Father of experimental psychology

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

When: first psych lab

Answer 2

1879

Question 3

4 goals of psychology?

Answer 3

describe, explain, predict, control behaviour

Question 4

Characteristics of Modern Science: thinking objectively

Answer 4

Scientific Mentality

Question 5

Characteristics of Modern Science: gather data systematically

Answer 5

gathering empirical data

Question 6

Characteristics of Modern Science: should be backed up by a theory

Answer 6

seeking general principles

Question 7

Characteristics of Modern Science: avoids biases; being open to new ideas

Answer 7

good thinking

Question 8

Characteristics of Modern Science: accept uncertainty of their own conclusions; accept new discoveries

Answer 8

self-correlation

Question 9

Characteristics of Modern Science: scientists meet frequently through professional and special interest groups and attend professional conferences to exchange info abt their work

Answer 9

publicizing results

Question 10

Characteristics of Modern Science: should be able to repeat our procedure & have/get same results

Answer 10

replication

Question 11

Objectives of Psychological Science: a systematic unbiased account of the observed characteristics of behaviour

Answer 11

Description

Question 12

Objectives of Psychological Science: refers to the capacity for knowing in advance when certain behaviours would be expected to occur

Answer 12

Prediction

Question 13

Objectives of Psychological Science: Understand what causes it to occur

Answer 13

Explanation

Question 14

Objectives of Psychological Science: Application of what has been learned about behaviour

Answer 14

Control

Question 15

Scientific Method, Tools of Psychological Science: systematic noting and recording of events

Answer 15

Observation

Question 16

Scientific Method, Tools of Psychological Science: assignment of numerical values to objects/events/their characteristics accdg to conventional rules

Answer 16

measurement

Question 17

Scientific Method, Tools of Psychological Science: manipulate variables; process undertaken to test a hypothesis that particular events will occur reliably in certain, specifiable situations

Answer 17

experimentation

Question 18

degree to which a research design allows us to make causal statements

Answer 18

internal validity

Question 19

generalizablity or applicability to people and situations outside the research setting

Answer 19

external validity

Question 20

often preferred bc they may have external validity, their generalizability to the real world be more apparent

Answer 20

nonexperimental design

Question 21

used to study behaviours in natural settings to explore unique or rare occurances or to sample personal info

Answer 21

nonexperimental methods

Question 22

description of on’es immediate experiences; we begin with personal experience as a source of data

Answer 22

phenomenology

Question 23

no manipulated & data may consist of any immediate experience; no constraints are imposed

Answer 23

antecedent

Question 24

an observation that eventually led to our understanding of the spectral sensitivity of the rods and cones of the eye

Answer 24

The Purkinje Phenomenon

Question 25

He used the phenomenological approach. - dealt with basic psychological issues, including habits, emotions, consciousness, and the stream of thought.

Answer 25

William James

Question 26

Phenomenology _______ behavior but __________ behavior.

Answer 26

descibes; can't explain

Question 27

Descriptive record of a single individual's experiences or behaviours or both, kept by an outside observer

Answer 27

case study

Question 28

Nonexperimental approaches used in the field or in real-life settings

Answer 28

field study

Question 29

The researcher uses a prearranged strategy for recording observations in which each observation is recorded using specific rules or guidelines, so that observations are more objective

Answer 29

systematic observation

Question 30

Kind of field osbervation: Here the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied.

Answer 30

Participant-Observer Studies

Question 31

Descriptive research method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose Causal inferences cannot be supported Valuable information for further study on these important issues was gained (without the great expense of finding the kind of subjects) by accessing and reanalyzing information from existing data archives in a creative new way

Answer 31

Archival study

Question 32

Relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected Focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings and thoughts Big-Q, candidate for a paradigm shift within psychology

Answer 32

Qualitative research

Question 33

Also called empirical phenomenology | Rely on the researcher’s own experiences or on experiential data provided by other sources

Answer 33

contemporary phenomenology

Question 34

useful way of obtaining information about people's opinions, attitudes, preferences, and experiences simply by asking them. allow us to gather data about experiences, feelings, thoughts, and motives that are hard to observe directly.

Answer 34

Survey research

Question 35

two most common survey techniques in psychology research.

Answer 35

written questionnaires & interviews

Question 36

1st step in constructing survey

Answer 36

map out research objectives

Question 37

2nd step in constructing survey

Answer 37

design survey items

Question 38

3 kinds of questions

Answer 38

closed, open-ended, double-barreled

Question 39

tendencies to respond to questions or test items in specific ways, regardless of the content

Answer 39

response styles

Question 40

apt to agree with a question regardless of its manifest content. , also called as ________

Answer 40

yea-sayers; response acquiescence

Question 41

tend to disagree no matter what they are asked. also called as ________

Answer 41

nay-sayers; response deviation

Question 42

the tendency of subjects to alter their responses if they are aware of the presence of an observer

Answer 42

reactivity

Question 43

probability sampling: -- any member of the population has an equal opportunity to be selected, and the outcome of the sampling procedure cannot be predicted ahead of time by any known law. Random selection is also a common assumption of the statistical tests used most often to analyze data.

Answer 43

random selection

Question 44

PS: a portion of the whole population is selected in an unbiased way. To obtain a simple random sample, all members of the population being studied must have an equal chance of being selected.

Answer 44

simple random sampling

Question 45

PS: In cases where all members of a population are known and can be listed in an unbiased way, a researcher may select every nth person from the population The n is determined by the size of the population and the desired sample size

Answer 45

systematic random sampling

Question 46

PS: When the population is known to contain distinct subgroups, researchers often prefer another variation of probability sampling known as?

Answer 46

stratified random sampling

Question 47

PS: When the population of interest is very large; it is often too costly or impractical to randomly select subjects one by one Researchers sample entire clusters, or naturally occurring groups, that exist within the population

Answer 47

cluster sampling

Question 48

Nonprobability sampling: Researchers select samples through predetermined quotas that are intended to reflect the makeup of the population.

Answer 48

quota sampling

Question 49

NPS: Obtained by using any groups who happen to be available. This is consider a weak form of sampling because the researcher exercises no control over the representativeness of the sample

Answer 49

convenience sampling

Question 50

NPS: When nonrandom samples are selected because the individuals reflect a specific purpose of the study

Answer 50

purposive sampling

Question 51

NPS: Researcher locates one or few people who fit the sample criterion and asks these people to locate or lead them to additional individuals

Answer 51

snowball sampling