PRELIMS - LESSON 1 Flashcards by Mikaella Lizarondo

Plants are ______ are many celled and most
contain the green pigment ______ Plants can be _______ and ______

eukaryotes

chlorophyll

nonvascular and vascular.

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are plant that have no vessels or no internal system for
conducting water and nutrients. The plants live either in _____ or _________

Non-vascular plants

water or within moist habitats.

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are plants that have vessels or an internal system
for conducting water and nutrients. Unlike non- vascular
plants, vascular plants have roots, leaves, stems, and even flowers. They are called __________ Trees, bushes, and flowers are some examples of these plants.

Vascular plants

tracheophytes

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transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Xylem

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transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Phloem

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Vascular plants are divided into different divisions. Some are
______________ and some are ____________. Vascular seed plants can be categorized into two ________ and ________

vascular seedles plants
vascular seed plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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a. means naked seed;
b. produce seeds on the scales of female cones;
c. seeds are not protected by a fruit
d. with needle-like or scale-like leaves;
e. have no flowers and large plants;
f. adapted for reproduction on dry land
g. reproduce by means of sperm develop within pollen grains that are dispersed by the wind;

Gymnosperms

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a. means seed in a container
b. seed is enclosed inside a fruit;
c. produce flowers and true seedbearing plants:
d. can be monocots and dicots.

Angiosperm

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Seed: A single cotyledon (seed leaf)

Monocots

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Seed: Two cotyledons (seed leaves)

Dicots

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what are the two types of asexual reproduction in plants

Vegetative Propagation
2 Tissue Culture

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method wherein a bud outgrows
from the parent organism and detaches itself
later to become a new but the same organism as
the parent.

Budding

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method wherein to develop
roots in the stem of a pan plant for several days
after putting soil in it.

Marcotting

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it is made possible when a
scion (shoot of one plant) an inserted into
the demy of another plant (same species
or closely related).

Grafting

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a method wherein the cut stem und leaf
are placed in loose, moist soil, the
cuttings readily grow adventitious roots
and develop new shoots.

Kalanchoe stem and leaf cuttings

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tiny now plants which
develop in the nutches along the leaf margins.
When these tiny new plants drop from leaf and
fall to the ground, it begins to grow but removing
and potting is the fastest way to propagate new
maternity kalanchoe plant.

Plantlets (kalanchoe)

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is a tool or technique for
growing species of living tissue in artificial media.
It was first demonstrated by the botanist F.C.
Steward in 1958. It is commonly used now in
propagating orchids.

Tissue Culture

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Characteristic
–horizontal & above ground stem creeping stems
–new plants developed at the nodes touching the soil

Function
–spreading growth
–asexual reproduction

Example
–strawberry

Stolons/ Runners

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Characteristic
–enlarged underground stem

Function
–food storage

Example
–potato, sweet potato

Tubers

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Characteristic
–long and underground stem
–fleshy and parallel to the ground

Function
–food storage

Example
–ginger

Rhizomes

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Characteristic
–thickened bases of leaves

Function
–food storage in leafy scale

Example
– onion, garlic

Bulbs

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Characteristic
–vertical, thick, and short under-ground stem

Function
–food storage

Example
–gabi or taro stem

Corms

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Characteristic
–fleshy, often leafless stem

Function
–water storage

Example
–cactus

Succulent

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male part of the flower.

Stamen

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small sac that produces pollen grains which are immature. (male gametophyte)

Anther

like structure that supports the anther and where pollen grains pass throughout the anther.

Filament-tube

-female part of the flower.

Pistil

sticky and feathery surface on which pollen grains land and grows

Stigma

slender tube which connects the stigma to the ovary and where the pollen reach down the ovary.

Style or Stalk

it holds the ovules and later becomes the fruit.

Ovary

if fertilized will eventually become the seed.

Ovules

makes up the outermost portion of the flower and sometimes colored and resembled petals.

Sepale

all of the sepals together to form this part, serves as protective covering for the flower bud, helping to protect it from insect damage, and prevent it from drying out.

Cales

brightly colored and often have perfume or nectar at their bases: it attract pollinators by forming a tube or shape

Petals

made up of the petals and provides a surface for insect pollinators to rest on while feeding.

Corolla

The process by which pollen grains are being transferred by pollinators from the anther of the stamen (male flower) to the stigma of the pistil (female flower) is known as _________. It can happen in two ways: ________ and ______

pollination self pollination and cross pollination

pollen grains from the anther of the stamen transfers to the stigma of the pistil of the same flower or another flower of the same plant.

self-pollination

pollen grains from the anther of the stamen transfers to the stigma of the pistil of the flower from one plant to another.

cross pollination

The sperm cell fertilized the egg to form ______. This zygote will undergo series of mitosis to form an ______which is contained in the seed. The endosperm, which forms by double fertilization, serves as food supply for the embryo. The seed coat will then form as protective coating for the embryo that hardens. The enlarged ovary develops into fruit, contains one seed, which has the embryo and eventually develops into new plant.

zygote embryo

is formed from a mature ovary.

fruit

this type of fruit is the product of one pistil example: tomato, orange, grapefruit, squash, watermelon, cucumber, cherry, Peach, apple, pear

Simple Fruits

this type of fruit is the product of two or more pistils.

Compound Fruits

this type of fruit can be either simple or compound depending upon the number of ovaries involved in the fruit's development.

Accessory Fruits

_________ is a cellular process by which an organism produces others of the same kind. It has something to do with ________. Cell division in ________ produces two new individuals to increase their numbers while in ___________,cell division is not just part of the growth of the organism but it is also responsible for the repair of damaged cells.

Reproduction cell division unicellular organisms multicellular organisms

is a continuous cell growth and division. It is composed of many repetitions of cellular growth and reproduction and generally divided into two major phases _____ and _____

Cell cycle interphase and mitosis.

The mitotic phase has four phases

prophase metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

is the process in which a new cell nucleus divides into two new nucle Each mcle has the same number of chromosomes structures in the nucleus that contain DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid) as the patent cell.

Mitosis

does not require the union of gametes and produces an offspring of same characteristic (have identical DNA as the parent. An example of this process is mitosis. An offspring produced asexually is called _____.

*Asexual reproduction clone

– is the division of organism into two equal parts (binary fission) or more individuals (multiple fission) Bacterial cells and planaria (flatworms) reproduce asexually due to this process.

Fission

when an organism breaks into two parts or fragments, both parts regenerate to form a whole, Sea stats (starfish), and sponges are some examples.

Fragmentation & Regeneration

a new organism grows from the body of the parent organism. Hydra, jellyfish, and even corals reproduce this way.

Budding

a type of asexual reproduction which requires an egg to develop into new organism without undergoing fertilization. Rotifers (a unique type of worm), parasitic insects, and bees reproduce this way.

Parthenogenesis

When an organism reproduce by means of gametes, it is known as

sexual reproduction

An organism is produced when sex cells from two parents combine. The joining of the egg and sperm is called as

fertilization

The cell that forms in fertilization is called

zygote

*Gametes are developed in sex organs known as

gonads.

The male reproductive organs is the_____ (responsible for the production of sperm cells) the female reproductive organ is the _______ (which is responsible for the egg cells or ovum)

testes ovary

Mammals are _____ (the male sex organ of an individual is separate from the female sex organ of another individual. Some organisms (invertebrate animals) like earthworms and are ________ (both male and female sex organs are present in the same individual) They are also commonly known as ________. There are some cases in humans that have both male and female sex organs in a single person.

dioecious monoecious hermaphrodites

-contains seminiferous tubules where sperm cells are produced. -also secretes testosterone.

. Testis or Testicle

-sac (loose pouch-like) at skin which contains the testis plural testes). -maintains the normal temperature (slightly cooler than the body temperature) for normal sperm development.

Scrotum

-deposits semen (misture of sperm and fluid) into the vagina during mating or sexual intercourse

Penis

transports and store sperm cells that are produced in the testes,

Epididymis

transports mature sperm to the urethra.

. Vas Deferens

carries semen out of the penis by ejaculation during orgasm.

Urethra

-produce fluid that is rich in sugar which nourish the sperm cells.

Seminal Vesicles

secretes an alkaline fluid that will counteract the acids produced by the female reproductive tract

Prostate Gland

secretes also an alkaline fluid that is added to the mixture.

Bulbourethral Gland

The female reproductive system has several functions to perform: 1. It produce the female egg cells which is necessary for the reproduction. _____ is the process of releasing the egg from the ovary. 2. It transport the egg cell (ovum) to the site of fertilization. 3. It produces sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

Oslation

-produce and develop egg cells -each ovary releases one egg every month (one ovary release one egg in the first month, then another ovary releases an egg for the next month).

Ovaries

-serve as passageway of the egg from the ovary to the uterus. -site of fertilization

Fallopian Tubes

-place where fertilized egg develops. -home for developing fetus

Uterus

-it is where sperms are first deposited -also called the birth canal

Vagina

entrance from the vagina to the uterus

Cervix

*If the egg is not tertilized in the fallopian tube, it loses its capacity or disintegrates. The thickened lining of the uterus is shed and bleeding starts. The blood is discharged through the vagina once a month (29 day cycle) is called________ or ______. For most females. struation happens between ages 8 to 13 and continues until 45 to 55. Then, there is a reduction in the ovulation. When the menstruation eventually stops, then the female is in the stage of ______

menstrual cycle or menstruation menopause

______are components of genetic material which control character traits.

Genes

Genes are located over chromosomes. In sexually reproducing organisms like humans, an offspring can receive one set of chromosomes from the male parent and another set of chromosomes from female parent. An offspring has ____ pairs of chromosomes for a total of _____. The first 22 pairs are for _______ or ______and the last pair is for the _______ or _______

23 46 somatic cells or body cells sex cells or the sex chromosomes

An individual has thousands of character traits. The sum total of all these traits is the organism's _____

genome.

A chromosome has an organized structure of ________________ (a blueprint which contains the physical and chemical characteristics of an organism) and protein.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

- consists of two standards of nucleotides composed at sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases the pair through hydrogen bonds. -consist of two strands form a twisted zipper shape called a ______ -adenine always bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guitine -located inside the nucleus

DNA double helix

- single stranded which look like a one half zipper. -sugar is ribose -adenine bonds with uracil and cytosine bonds with guanine. -located in the cytoplasm.

RNA

mRNA (_________ RNA) rRNA (________ RNA) tRNA (_______ RNA).

messenger ribosomal transfer

The three types of RNA mentioned earlier are essential for processing the mation DNA to proteins. This is known as _______. It occurs in the age transcription and translation. When the information in DNA is transferred to senger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA), this is called__________. Then the information wmRNA is used to make protein. This is called ________.

gene expression transcription translation