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Human Growth & Development > Prenatal Craniofacial Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Craniofacial Development Flashcards

Dr. Timothy Cox

1
Q

Neural crest cells start to form around:

A

3-4 weeks

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2
Q

Morphogenesis of the face is a complex process involving (4):

A
  1. Patterning
  2. Outgrowth
  3. Fusion
  4. Moulding of tissues
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3
Q

At around 22 days (about the end of the third week), head and neck regions comprise:

A

Around half of the embryo

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4
Q

During the fourth week of development, ventral mesoderm condenses into:

A

A series of segmented, bilaterally paired, mesenchymal swellings

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5
Q

During the fourth week of development, ________ condenses into a series of segmented, bilaterally paired, mesenchymal swellings

A

Ventral mesoderm

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6
Q

Pharyngeal/branchial arches form on the ______ side of the _____

A

Ventral side; neural tube

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7
Q

Ultimately ____ pairs of pharyngeal (branchial) arches arise in _______ order

A

5 pairs; cranial-caudal (anterior-posterior)

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8
Q

Initially _____ prominences (tissue masses) surround the stomodeum

A

5 prominences

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9
Q

List the early facial prominences:

A

-Frontonasal prominence
-First arch (mandibular process)
-Maxillary process (delayed appearance)

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10
Q

The ______ and ______ are both paired structures that grow ventro-laterally around the oropharyngeal membrane

A

First (mandibular) arch & maxillary process

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11
Q

Tucked at the back of the mouth, sort of the pivot point for embryo folding:

A

Oropharyngeal membrane (OM)

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12
Q

What happens to the oropharyngeal membrane around the fourth week of development?

A

It breaks down

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13
Q

Throughout vertebrates we see the conservation of facial morphogenesis, give examples of some structures that are conserved:

A
  1. Forming nostrils
  2. Mouth & oropharynx region
  3. Frontonasal, maxillary & mandibular processes
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14
Q

The majority of the growth and morphological change in facial tissue masses is driven by:

A

The invading cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme

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15
Q

As the neural tube closes these CNCC are:

A

Leaving & streaming down the ventral part of the embryo

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16
Q

The pharyngeal arches are composed of a couple of different cell types, including:

A

-ectoderm (outside)
-endoderm (inside)
-mesoderm (in between)

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17
Q

On the inside of the pharyngeal arch we see _____ while on the outside we see _____

A

Pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal clefts

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18
Q

The pharyngeal pouches located on the inside of the pharyngeal arches will give rise to different structures including:

A

-larynx
-pharynx
-other epithelial-derived structures

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19
Q

From days 9-10 we can see the ______ cells are really driven into the facial structures

A

Neural crest cells

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20
Q

The first paired pharyngeal arches only give rise to:

A

The mandibular processes

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21
Q

If the first paired pharyngeal arches only give rise to the mandibular processes, where do the maxillary processes originate from?

A

Maxillary processes originate as separate (delayed) swellings ROSTRAL to the mandibular processes

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22
Q

Describe the cells that give rise to the maxillary processes:

A

A distinct population of late migrating CNCC

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23
Q

The thickening of structures on the lateral aspect of the frontonasal process that will invaginate to form the nostrils:

A

Nasal placodes

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24
Q

The thickening of structures on the lateral aspect of the embryo which will eventually form the inner ear structure:

A

Otic placodes

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25
Q

Thickening of ectoderm:

A

Placodes

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26
Q

The induction and invagination of nasal placodes is similar to:

A

Induction and invagination of the neural plate

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27
Q

Placodes are extremely important because they form:

A

Very distinct invaginations

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28
Q

What are the two types of morphological processes for joining tissues of the midface?

A
  1. Merging
  2. Fusion
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29
Q

The morphological process of tissue joining that is characterized by the joining of two masses that are already partly in contact:

A

Merging

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30
Q

What process of morphological joining of tissues is responsible for the joining of the maxillary process and lateral nasal processes?

A

Merging

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31
Q

What process of morphological joining of tissues is responsible for the medial joining of the mandibular processes?

A

Merging

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32
Q

In humans, when does the merging of the lateral nasal process with the maxillary process occur?

A

5th week of development

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33
Q

The morphological process of tissue joining that is characterized by the joining of two separate tissue masses:

A

Fusion

34
Q

What process of morphological joining of tissues is responsible for the joining of the medial nasal process and the maxillary/lateral nasal process?

A

Contact-dependent fusion

35
Q

Contact-dependent fusion between the medial nasal process and lateral nasal process is responsible for forming:

A

The primary palate & nares (nostrils)

36
Q

The secondary palate forms around the tenth week of development through a _____ event

A

Fusion

37
Q

After immigration of cranial neural crest cells, growth & morphogenesis of the face is controlled by ongoing:

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

38
Q

Responsible for determining facial form/shape:

A

Cranial neural crest cells

39
Q

In addition to CNCCs primarily determining facial form/shape, ______ also play a role

A

Ectoderm

40
Q

How does the ectoderm play a role in determining facial form/shape?

A

Defines boundaries of gene expression

41
Q

What are two examples of neural expression signals provided by the ectoderm for role in facial form/shape?

A

Shh & FGf8

42
Q

Juxta-positioned FGf8/Shh leads to:

A

Frontonasal ectoderm zone (FEZ)

43
Q

The growth factor secreted by the ventral facial ectoderm:

A

Shh

44
Q

The growth factor secreted by the dorsal facial ectoderm:

A

Fgf8

45
Q

Ectodermal factors instruct:

A

Facial D-V patterning

46
Q

Secreted factors from the FEZ can direct outgrowth of the underlying CNCC and determines:

A

D-V pattern of the frontonasal process (FNP)

47
Q

The precise shape of the frontonasal process (FNP) depends upon pattern information inherent in the:

A

Neural crest

48
Q

List three other functions of the ectoderm (in addition to gene expression/patterning signals):

A
  1. Support & direct outgrowth of facial processes
  2. Guides differentiation of CNC through growth factors
  3. Facilitates fusion of facial processes
49
Q

Fusion between what three components of the embryo must occur in order to form the primary palate:

A
  1. Medial nasal tissue of the frontonasal process
  2. Lateral nasal process
  3. Maxillary process
50
Q

For the medial nasal tissue, lateral nasal process & maxillary process to fuse to form the primary palate, what is the key player to this process?

A

Ectodermal cells

51
Q

Fusion establishes the primary palate, which goes on to form the:

A

Alveolus & lip proper

52
Q

How do we know that fusion of the medial nasal tissue of the frontonasal process, the lateral nasal process & the fusion are important?

A

Because defects in this fusion result in cleft lip or palate

53
Q

Full palatal fusion is required to ensure the ______ is continuous

A

Alveolar bone

54
Q

Third most common birth defect & occurs around 1 in 700 births world-wide

A

Cleft lip +/- cleft primary palate

55
Q

Forms through a similar fusion mechansim as the primary palate:

A

Secondary palate

56
Q

When does the primary palate form?

When does the secondary palate form?

A

7th week

10th week

57
Q

Condensations of CNCC mesenchyme are:

A

Palatal shelves

58
Q

Secondary palate formation involves: (3)

A
  1. Growth of maxillary extensions on either side of the tongue
  2. Elevation & rotation
  3. Medial growth & fusion at midline with nasal septum
59
Q

________ of the secondary palate begins just before palatal development is complete

A

Ossification

60
Q

Palatal shelves are condensations of:

A

CNCC mesenchyme

61
Q

What is required in order to have complete mesenchyme over the bridge to form the bony part in the formation of a secondary palate?

A

Movement & disintigration of epithelia

62
Q

Defects in palatal shelf fusion would result in a:

A

Cleft secondary palate

63
Q

Cleft primary palate/lip occurs in ~

Cleft secondary palate occurs in~

A

1 in 700 births worldwide

1 in 1000 births worldwide

64
Q

Cleft secondary palate can result from:

A
  1. Poor growth of shelves
  2. Failed elevation
  3. Failed fusion
65
Q

What is critical for the tongue & secondary palate closure?

A

Critical that the tongue lowers to allow the shelves to rotate to a position above the tongue

66
Q

Macroglossia (enlarged tongue) can provide a physical barrier to:

A

Secondary palate closure

67
Q

________ is also associated with failed palatal fusion such as in Pierre-Robin Sequence

A

Small or retrognathic mandible

68
Q

A small or retrognathic mandible results in the tongue being:

A

Forced backward & elevated

69
Q

Craniofacial cartilage first appears in the _____ and shortly thereafter in the _____ & _____

A

Mandible; midface & cranial base

70
Q

Provides structural support for shaping the growing head:

A

Craniofacial cartilage

71
Q

Unlike the axial skeleton, craniofacial cartilage:

A

Is not typically replaced by bone

72
Q

Cartilage of pharyngeal arch 1:

A

Meckel’s cartilage

73
Q

When Meckel’s cartilage arise & what does it form?

A

During the 7th week of human development; template for the mandible

74
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1 also contributes to two:

A

Ear ossicles (parts of malleus & incus)

75
Q

If a patient has a mandibular defect, what also should you check for?

A

Inner ear deficiencies

76
Q

Portion of the ear:

-Derivatives of PA1 & PA2
-Intervening pharyngeal cleft
-Pharyngeal pouch

A

External & middle ear

77
Q

Portion of the ear:

Arises from the thickening of ectoderm (otic placode) dorsal to PA3 at the level of the hindbrain & subsequent invagination (otic pit)

A

Inner ear

78
Q

During the development of the ear, region between PA1 & PA2 undergo a morphological change to create bulge-like structures called:

A

Hillocks of His

79
Q

Inner & outer ear malformations are often associated with:

A

Mandibular defects

80
Q

Ossification of the mandible & maxilla start occurring around day _____ of development

A

52

81
Q

The cranial neural crest cells give rise to the bony structures of the _____ & _____, but NOT to the ______, as those are derived from a mesoderm component

A

Face & frontal bone; NOT parietal bone

Human Growth & Development (11 decks)

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