Prenatal craniofacial development

Question 1

initially, __ prominences surround the stomodeum

Answer 1

5

Question 2

early facial prominences

Answer 2

-frontonasal prominence
-first arch (mandibular)
-maxillary processed (delayed appearance)

Question 3

the mandibular and maxillary processes are paired and grow __ around the oropharyngeal membrane

Answer 3

ventro- laterally

Question 3

first pharyngeal arch only gives rise to the __ processes

Answer 3

mandibular (maxillary later)

Question 4

morphogenesis of the midface

Answer 4

-merging of maxillary and lateral nasal processes
-medial merging of mandibular processes

Question 4

majority of facial tissue growth is driven by the invading __

Answer 4

cranial neural crest- derived mesenchyme

Question 4

contact- dependent fusion between medial and lateral nasal process forms the __

Answer 4

primary palate and nostrils

Question 5

formation and invagination of nasal placodes occurs in the __

Answer 5

frontonasal prominence

Question 5

factors from the frontonasal ectoderm zone can determine the __ pattern of the frontonasal process

Answer 5

D-V

Question 6

ectodermal fusion establishes the primary palate and goes on to form the __

Answer 6

alveolus and lip proper

Question 6

the medial aspects of the maxillary processes creates the __

Answer 6

palatal shelves

Question 6

cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) primarily determines facial __

Answer 6

form/ shape

Question 6

secondary palate arises from the __

Answer 6

medial aspects of maxillary processes

Question 6

neural expression of __ is required for ectodermal expression

Answer 6

Shh/ fgf8

Question 7

cleft lip/ primary palate is the __ most common birth defect

Answer 7

3rd

Question 7

secondary palate process

Answer 7

1. growth (either side of tongue)
2. elevation and rotation
3. medial growth and fusion at midline with nasal septum

Question 7

full ectodermal fusion is required to ensure the __ is continuous

Answer 7

alveolar bone

Question 7

cleft lip/ primary palate embryological origin

Answer 7

ectodermal or CNCC

Question 7

3 roles of the facial ectoderm

Answer 7

1. support and direct outgrowth of facial processes
2. guide CNC differentiation
3. timely fusion of facial processes

Question 8

ossification of the secondary palate begins before __ complete

Answer 8

palatal development

Question 8

primary palate forms during __ week and secondary palate forms during __ week

Answer 8

7th, 10th

Question 8

with a small or retrognathic mandible the tongue is forced __

Answer 8

backward and elevated

Question 8

the tongue needs to __ to allow the shelves to __ to a position above the tongue

Answer 8

lower, rotate

Question 8

the ear is formed from __ embryonic structures

Answer 8

independent

Question 8

defects in palatal shelf fusion can result from __

Answer 8

1. poor growth 2. failed elevation 3. failed fusion

Question 9

the inner ear arises from the thickening of the __ dorsal to __

Answer 9

ectoderm (otic placode), PA3

Question 9

what can provide a physical; barrier to secondary palate closure?

Answer 9

macroglossia

Question 9

craniofacial precedes __

Answer 9

ossification (few cartilage replaced by bone)

Question 9

craniofacial cartilage appears in the mandible then in the __

Answer 9

midface and cranial base

Question 9

craniofacial cartilage first appears in the __

Answer 9

mandible

Question 9

craniofacial cartilage provides structural support for __ the growing head

Answer 9

shaping

Question 9

the inner ear occurs at the level of the __

Answer 9

hindbrain

Question 9

PA1 (meckel's cartilage) also contribute to __

Answer 9

malleus and incus

Question 9

external and middle ear arise from

Answer 9

-PA1 and PA2 derivatives -intervening pharyngeal cleft -pharyngeal pouch

Question 9

cartilage of PA1 (meckel's cartilage) arises during __ week and forms the template for the __

Answer 9

7th, mandible

Question 9

what is aassociated with failed palatal fusion (pierre- robin sequence?)

Answer 9

small or retrognathic mandible

Question 10

meckel's cartilage parts __, with caudal aspects forming part of __ ear bones

Answer 10

degenerate, middle

Question 10

the inner ear arises at the level of the hinbrain and subsequent __ occurs

Answer 10

invagination (otic pit)