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1
Q

What are the causes of abdominal distension?

A 
Intestinal obstruction
Ascites
Intestinal ischaemia
Abdominal mass
Pregnancy
Obesity
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2
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of an epigastric mass

A

Gastric: cancer

Pancreatic: abscess, cancer, pseudocyst

Hepatic: hepatomegaly

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3
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a LUQ mass

A

Splenic: splenomegaly

Gastric: cancer

Pancreatic: cancer, pseudocyst, abscess

Renal: hydronephrosis, RCC, PCKD

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4
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a RIF mass

A

GI: appendix mass/abscess, CRC, Crohn’s disease, hernia

Infection: TB

Renal: transplantation

Gynaecological: ovarian tumour, ovarian cyst

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5
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a suprapubic mass

A

Urological: urinary retention, bladder cancer

Gynaecological: pregnancy, fibroids

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6
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a LIF mass

A

Renal: transplantation

Gynaecological: ovarian cyst, ovarian tumour

GI: diverticular disease, CRC, constipation, hernia, Crohn’s disease

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7
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a L or R flank mass

A

Hydronephrosis

Renal cell carcinoma

Polycystic kidney disease

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8
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of an umbilical mass

A

GI: hernia, gastric cancer, CRC, lymphoma

Vascular: AAA

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9
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of RUQ pain

A

Biliary: gallstones, biliary colic, cholecystitis

Hepatic: hepatitis, HCC, liver abscesses

GI: CRC

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10
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of epigastric pain

A

Gastric: PUD, gastritis, GORD, cancer, functional dyspepsia

Pancreatic: pancreatitis, cancer

Cardiac: atypical MI

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11
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of LUQ pain

A

Splenic: abscess, splenomegaly, rupture, infarction

GI: CRC

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12
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of L or R flank pain

A

Vascular: aortic dissection

Renal: urinary tract calculi, pyelonephritis, RCC, PCKD

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13
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of lower abdominal pain

A

Urological: UTI, urinary retention, urinary tract calculi

Gynaecological: ovarian torsion, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy, PID, ruptured ovarian cyst, ovarian tumour

GI: appendicitis, diverticular disease, UC, CD, CRC, constipation

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14
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of central and diffuse abdominal pain

A

GI: intestinal obstruction, perforation, functional dyspepsia, IBS

Infection: gastroenteritis, infectious colitis

Vascular: intestinal ischaemia, AAA

Metabolic: DKA, Addisonian crisis, hypercalcaemia

Haematological: SCD

Inflammatory: vasculitides

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15
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised aminotransferases

A 
Liver failure
Cirrhosis
Viral hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis
AI hepatitis
NASH
Wilson's disease
Sepsis syndromes
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16
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised ALP

A

Marked elevation: extrahepatic biliary obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis

Moderate elevation:
Hepatic - viral/alcoholic/AI hepatitis, NASH, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, TB, liver abscesses, sepsis syndromes

Non-hepatic - pregnancy, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease of bone, hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, DM, cancer

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17
Q

What causes raised GGT

A

Alcohol excess

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18
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised bilirubin

A

Unconjugated:

  1. Overproduction - haemolytic anaemia, gallstones
  2. Impaired hepatic uptake - HF, drugs
  3. Impaired conjugation - Gilbert’s syndrome
  4. Neonatal jaundice

Conjugated:

  1. Hepatocellular dysfunction due to:
    a. Infection - viral hepatitis, liver abscess
    b. Hepatic - cirrhosis, NASH, alcoholic/AI hepatitis
    c. Malignancy - HCC
    d. Infiltration - amyloid, sarcoid, lymphoma
    e. Genetic - Wilson’s disease, haemochromatosis
    f. Drugs
  2. Obstruction - gallstones, pancreatic Ca, PBC, PSC, drugs
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19
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of abnormal lung function tests (obstructive picture)

A

Asthma

COPD

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20
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of abnormal lung function tests (restrictive picture)

A

Intrinsic: pulmonary fibrosis

Extrinsic:
Neuromuscular - GBS, MND
Obesity

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21
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Normal anion gap: loss of bicarbonate - diarrhoea

High anion gap:

  1. Decreased renal acid excretion - CKD
  2. Increased acid production - lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, aspirin OD
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22
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Central depression:
1. Drugs - opiate OD, alcohol

Neuromuscular: MND, GBS, myasthenia gravis

Respiratory: COPD, asthma

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23
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

GI H+ loss: n+v

Renal H+ loss: primary hyperaldosteronism

Intracellular H+ shift: hypokalaemia

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24
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Central stimulation: anxiety, pain, fever, pregnancy, stroke, cancer, aspirin OD

Respiratory: PE, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, HF

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25
Classify and differentiate the causes of monoarthritis
Degenerative: osteoarthritis Inflammatory: rheumatoid arthritis, seronegatic arthritides (UC, CD, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis), vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behcet's disease Infection: septic arthritis Metabolic: crystal arthropathy - gout/pseudgout Traumatic injury
26
Classify and differentiate the causes of oligoarthritis
Infection: infective endocarditis Inflammatory: seronegative arthritides (reactive arthritis, UC, CD, AS, psoriatic arthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behcet's disease, Sjogren's syndrome Degenerative: osteoarthritis
27
Classify and differentiate the causes of polyarthritis
Degenerative: osteoarthritis Inflammatory: rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritides, vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behcet's disease, Sjogren's syndrome Infection: Viral - infectious mononucleosis, HIV Post-infective - rheumatic fever Metabolic: gout, pseudogout, haemochromatosis Haematological: SCD Cancer
28
Classify and differentiate the causes of ascites
Exudative: infection, pancreatitis, cancer ``` Transudative: Hepatic - cirrhosis Cardiac - HF, constrictive pericarditis Renal - CKD, nephrotic syndrome Ovarian - tumours ``` Haemorrhagic: cancer, trauma, acute pancreatitis
29
Classify and differentiate the causes of back pain
Malignancy: multiple myeloma, metastases, lymphoma, leukaemia, CNS tumours Mechanical: osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, spine fracture, trauma Infection: osteomyelitis Inflammatory: ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic spondylitis, reactive arthritis, enteropathic arthritis (UC, CD)
30
Classify and differentiate the causes of bradycardia
Physiological: fitness, sleep CV: IHD, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, heart block, congenital heart disease CNS: raised ICP Endocrine: hypothyroidism Electrolyte disturbance: hyperK, hypoK Drugs Hypothermia Anorexia nervosa
31
Classify and differentiate the causes of breast lump
Benign: physiological, fibroadenoma, cysts, mastitis, abscess, benign ductal disease (ectasia, papilloma), lipoma Malignant: breast cancer
32
Classify and differentiate the causes of breast pain
Cyclical: physiological, contraceptives, HRT Non-cyclical: breast cancer, benign ductal disease (ectasia, papilloma), mastitis, abscess, pregnancy, HRT Extra-mammary: chest wall pain, spinal disorders
33
Classify and differentiate the causes of calf swelling/pain
Unilateral: DVT, acute/chronic limb ischaemia, cellulitis, erysipelas, compartment syndrome, trauma, lymphoedema Bilateral: hypoalbuminaemia, lymphoedema, varicose veins, acute/chronic limb ischaemia, HF
34
Classify and differentiate the causes of cerebellar signs (e.g. ataxia, dysdiadochokinesia)
Vascular: stroke, TIA Infection: meningitis, encephalitis, TB Inflammatory: sarcoidosis, MS, GBS, Coeliac disease Toxic: chemotherapy, alcohol abuse Metabolic: vit B12/thiamine deficiency Endocrine: hypothyroidism Malignancy: CNS tumours, metastases, paraneoplastic syndromes Degenerative: Wilson's disease
35
Classify and differentiate the causes of chest pain
CV: IHD, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, aortic dissection Respiratory: pulmonary HTN, sarcoidosis, pneumothorax, lung cancer, asthma, COPD, PE, pneumonia GI: pancreatitis, GORD, PUD, gastritis MSK: vasculitides, trauma Neuro: radiculopathy, varicella zoster Psychiatric: panic disorder, depressive disorder
36
Classify and differentiate the causes of an abnormal APTT
Haematological: haemophilia, VWD, antiphospholipid syndrome Drugs Vit K deficiency Liver Failure DIC
37
Classify and differentiate the causes of an abnormal PT and INR
Drugs Vit K deficiency Liver failure DIC
38
Classify and differentiate the causes of clubbing
CV: congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis Respiratory: lung cancer, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, TB GI: IBD, cirrhosis, lymphoma, Coeliac disease
39
Classify and differentiate the causes of acute confusion
Vascular: stroke, TIA Infection: meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, UTI Metabolic: liver failure, CKD, hyperCa, hypoNa, hypoxia (respiratory failure), vit B12 deficiency Endocrine: hypoglycaemia, hypothryoidism, thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency Neuro: post-ictal Neoplastic: CNS tumours Drugs: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, opiate OD Psychiatric disorders Trauma: head injury, SDH, SAH
40
Classify and differentiate the causes of constipation
GI: obstruction (diverticular disease, hernia, CRC, UC, CD), anal fissure, rectal prolapse, IBS Endocrine: DM, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia Neuro: Parkinson's disease, MS, spinal cord injury Drugs Psychiatric: anorexia nervosa Diet: low fibre + fluids Post-operative Immobility
41
Classify and differentiate the causes of cough
Infection: pneumonia, TB, URTI Respiratory: asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, lung cancer CV: HF GI: GORD Drugs: ACE inhibitors
42
Classify and differentiate the causes of central cyanosis
Infection Respiratory: asthma, pneumothorax, right to left pulmonary shunt (COPD, PE) Cardiac: right to left cardiac shunt (congenital HD), HF Haematological: SCD, thalassaemia
43
Classify and differentiate the causes of peripheral cyanosis
Arterial thrombosis Sepsis syndromes Raynaud's phenomena
44
Classify and differentiate the causes of decreased consciousness
Vascular: SDH, SAH, EDH, stroke Infection: meningitis, encephalitis Trauma: head injury Hypoxia: cardiac arrest, type 1/2 respiratory failure Metabolic: hypoglycaemia, liver failure, CKD, hyperNa, hypoNa, hyperK, hypoK, hyperCa Neuro: raised ICP, epilepsy Malignancy: SOL Drugs: alcohol
45
Classify and differentiate the causes of diarrhoea
GI: gastroenteritis, infectious colitis, IBD, Coeliac disease, pancreatic insufficiency (due to CF), CRC, gastric Ca, diverticular disease, overflow diarrhoea Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, DM Drugs
46
Classify and differentiate the causes of diplopia
Monocular: cataracts, macular degeneration Binocular: Wernicke's encephalopathy, CN palsies, migraine, Grave's disease, Miller Fisher syndrome, myasthenia gravis
47
Classify and differentiate the causes of dizziness/blackouts/LoC
Vasovagal syncope CV: tachy/bradycardia, outflow obstruction (AS, cardiomyopathy, PE), hypotension, IHD, aortic dissection Neuro: epilepsy, stroke, TIA Metabolic: hypoglycaemia
48
Classify and differentiate the causes of dysarthria
Cerebellar: MS, stroke, CNS tumours Bulbar/pseudobulbar: MND, MS Extrapyramidal: Parkinson's Drugs: alcohol
49
Classify and differentiate the causes of dyspepsia
Oesophageal: GORD, cancer Gastroduodenal: functional dyspepsia, PUD, gastritis, gastric cancer, hiatus hernia Biliary: gallstones, cholecystitis Drugs: alcohol Psychiatric: anxiety disorder, depressive disorder
50
Classify and differentiate the causes of dysphagia
Intraluminal: foreign body Intramural: achalasia, GORD, pharyngeal cancer, oesophageal cancer, gastric cancer, scleroderma, radiotherapy Extramural: retrosternal goitre, lung cancer, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm Neuromuscular: stroke, GBS, MND, myasthenia gravis
51
Classify and differentiate the causes of dyspnoea
Acute: pneumothorax, PE, acute HF, anaphylaxis, foreign body, panic disorder Subacute: asthma, COPD, pneumonia, PE, HF, lung cancer, metabolic acidosis Chronic: MND, COPD, bronchiectasis, CF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, pulmonary HTN, chronic HF
52
Classify and differentiate the causes of dysuria
Urinary tract: urinary tract calculi, bladder cancer, UTI Vaginal: candidiasis, BV Prostatic: BPH, epididymitis, orchitis
53
Classify and differentiate the causes of PR interval changes
Heart block | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
54
Classify and differentiate the causes of QRS segment changes
``` Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Supraventricular tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Cardiomyopathy Hypothermia ```
55
Classify and differentiate the causes of ST segment changes
ST elevation: IHD, pericarditis, raised ICP, pacemaker ST depression: IHD, SVT, hypoK, pacemaker
56
Classify and differentiate the causes of QT interval changes
Short QT: hyperCa Prolonged QT: IHD, hypoK, hypoCa, hypothermia
57
Classify and differentiate the causes of P wave changes
Atrial fibrillation | Atrial flutter
58
Classify and differentiate the causes of T wave changes
``` IHD Cardiomyopathy PE Raised ICP Hyper/hypoK ```
59
Classify and differentiate the causes of bilateral facial nerve palsy
AI: GBS, myasthenia gravis Infection: HIV Sarcoidosis MND
60
Classify and differentiate the causes of unilateral facial nerve palsy
Infection: TB, otitis media, varicella zoster Inflammation: sarcoidosis, lymphoma Idiopathic: Bell's palsy Trauma Vascular: stroke
61
Classify and differentiate the causes of fatigue
``` Infection Cancer Anaemia Obesity Drugs ``` Endocrine: hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, DM Cardiac: HF Renal: CKD Hepatic: liver failure Psychiatric: depressive disorder
62
Classify and differentiate the causes of GI bleeding
Upper GI: Swallowed blood - haemoptysis, epistaxis Oesophageal - GORD, varices, M-W tear, cancer Gastric - PUD, gastritis, cancer Bleeding disorders - thrombocytopenia, haemophilia Drugs Lower GI: Intestinal - GE, infectious colitis, diverticular disease, UC, intestinal ischaemia, CRC Anal - haemorrhoids
63
Classify and differentiate the causes of goitre
Hypothyroidism Grave's disease Thyroid nodule Thyroid cancer
64
Classify and differentiate the causes of groin swelling
Scrotal: hydrocoele, varicocoele Femoral: hernia, saphena varix Inguinal: hernia, lymph nodes Skin: lipoma, epidermoid/pilar (sebaceous) cysts
65
Classify and differentiate the causes of gynaecomastia
Physiological: puberty Malignancy: testicular cancer Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, hypogonadism Hepatic: cirrhosis Renal: CKD Drugs
66
Classify and differentiate the causes of haematuria
Bladder: cancer Kidney: UTI, stones, glomerulonephritis, PCKD, RCC Urethra: urethritis Prostate: BPH, cancer Haematological: haemophilia, thrombocytopenia, SCD Trauma Drugs
67
Classify and differentiate the causes of haemoptysis
Respiratory: lung cancer, TB, pneumonia, abscess, COPD, bronchiectasis, vasculitides, trauma CV: PE, pulmonary HTN, HF Coagulopathy: thrombocytopenia
68
Classify and differentiate the causes of headache
Acute: trauma, meningitis, encephalitis, acute closed-angle glaucoma, HTN, SAH, SDH, EDH Chronic/recurrent: Neuro - tension, migraine, cluster, raised ICP Inflammatory - GCA Psychiatric - depressive disorder, anxiety disorder Drugs
69
Classify and differentiate the causes of hemiparesis
Vascular: SDH, EDH, stroke Neuro: epilepsy, MS, CNS tumours, migraine Infection: cerebral abscess
70
Classify and differentiate the causes of hepatomegaly
Hepatic: hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver abscess, liver cyst Biliary: PBC, PSC Cardiac: constrictive pericarditis, HF Malignancy: metastases, HCC Infiltration: amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis
71
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypercalcaemia
Sarcoidosis Primary hyperparathyroidism Cancer Multiple myeloma
72
Classify and differentiate the causes of hyperkalaemia
Increased release: metabolic acidosis, DM Reduced excretion: Renal - CKD Endocrine - adrenal insufficiency Drugs
73
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypernatraemia
Decreased water intake: acute confusion, dementia Non-renal water loss: diarrhoea, fever, burns injury Renal water loss: hypercalcaemia, diabetes insipidus Sodium excess: primary hyperaldosteronism
74
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoalbuminaemia
Reduced synthesis: liver failure, malnutrition Increased losses: nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy (Coeliac disease, IBD), burns injury, bullous skin lesion
75
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypocalcaemia
Low PTH: thyroidectomy High PTH: vit D deficiency, metastases, acute pancreatitis, drugs
76
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoglycaemia
Adrenal insufficiency Malnutrition Hypoglycaemic drugs
77
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypokalaemia
Renal losses: diuretics GI: nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism
78
Classify and differentiate the causes of hyponatraemia
Hypovolaemic: GI losses - diarrhoea, n+v, intestinal obstruction Renal losses - CKD, adrenal insufficiency, drugs Burns injury Euvolaemic: Endocrine - hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency SIADH - pneumonia, lung cancer, CNS tumours, head injury, drugs Hypervolaemic: Cardiac - HF Hepatic - cirrhosis Renal - nephrotic syndrome, CKD
79
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypotension
Volume depletion: haemorrhage, diarrhoea, diabetes insipidus, DM, AKI, burns Infection: sepsis Autonomic failure: Parkinson's, DM, GBS Anti-hypertensive drugs
80
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoxia (type 1 respiratory failure)
``` Asthma COPD PE Pneumothorax Pneumonia Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ARDS ```
81
Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoxia (type 2 respiratory failure)
Respiratory: asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnoea Central depression: resp centre depression, opiate OD Neuromuscular: GBS, MND, myasthenia gravis
82
Classify and differentiate the causes of jaundice
Pre-hepatic: Congenital haemolysis - SCD, thalassaemia Acquired haemolysis - malaria Hepatic: AI/viral hepatitis, liver abscess, sepsis, cirrhosis, mets, Wilson's disease, haemochromatosis, alcohol abuse Obstructive: pancreatic cancer, PBC, PSC, gallstones
83
Classify and differentiate the causes of nausea and vomiting
GI: GORD, PUD, gastritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, GE, infectious colitis, appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis Endocrine: DKA, Addisonian crisis, hyperCa Neuro: raised ICP, meningitis, migraine, head injury Ophthalmological: acute closed-angle glaucoma Pregnancy Drugs: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, paracetamol OD
84
Classify and differentiate the causes of neck swelling
Anterior triangle: Moves with swallow - thyroglossal cysts, thyroid nodule, goitre Fixed with swallow - salivary gland tumour, lymphadenopathy, lymphoma Posterior triangle: lymphadenopahty, lymphoma
85
Classify and differentiate the causes of night sweats
Infection: infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, TB, HIV Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma, menopause, carcinoid syndrome Malignancy: lymphoma, cancer
86
Classify and differentiate the causes of nipple discharge
Milky: late pregnancy, puberty, duct ectasia, prolactinoma Purulent: breast abscess Serous: early pregnancy, breast cancer Blood-stained: mastitis, breast cancer
87
Classify and differentiate the causes of oedema (ankle/pitting)
Cardiac: HF Hepatic: cirrhosis, liver failure Renal: nephrotic syndrome, CKD Endocrine: hypothyroidism Lymphoedema Drugs
88
Classify and differentiate the causes of palpitations
Anaemia Fever Pregnancy Cardiac: SCT, CT, AF, flutter, permanent pacing, MS, MR, AS, AR, TR, cardiomyopathy Endocrine: phaeochromacytoma, hypoglycaemia, thyrotoxicosis Psychiatric: panic disorder, anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, Drugs: alcohol excess, drug abuse
89
Classify and differentiate the causes of pancytopenia
AI: SLE Hypersplenism: splenomegaly Aplastic anaemia: infection, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy Megaloblastic anaemia Marrow infiltration: myelofibrosis, metastases, lymphoma, leukaemia, multiple myeloma Sepsis
90
Classify and differentiate the causes of papilloedema
Raised ICP Optic nerve: optic neuritis (MS), infiltration (sarcoidosis, lymphoma, CNS tumours Globe: glaucoma, posterior uveitis Vascular: malignant HTN
91
Classify and differentiate the causes of peripheral neuropathy
Endocrine: DM, hypothyroidism Infection: varicella zoster, HIV Inflammation: vasculitides AI: GBS, rheumatoid arthritis Renal: CKD Malignancy: multiple myeloma Nutritional: vitamin B12 deficiency Drugs: alcohol excess
92
Classify and differentiate the causes of petechiae and purpura
Infection: meningococcal septicaemia (from meningitis, IE, sepsis) Inflammation: vasculitides, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis Haematological: clotting abnormalities Drugs Amyloidosis
93
Classify and differentiate the causes of pleural effusion?
``` Exudative: Infection - pneumonia, TB Inflammation - SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitides Malignancy - lung cancer, mesothelioma Trauma GI - pancreatitis ``` ``` Transudative: Cardiac - HF, constrictive pericarditis Hepatic - liver failure Renal - nephrotic syndrome, peritoneal dialysis Endocrine - hypothyroidism Hypoalbuminaemia ```
94
Classify and differentiate the causes of polydipsia
Endocrine: primary hypoaldosteronism, diabetes insipidus, DM Drugs: diuretics Psychogenic polydipsia
95
Classify and differentiate the causes of polyuria
Endocrine: diabetes insipidus, DM Drugs Psychogenic polydipsia
96
Classify and differentiate the causes of postural hypotension
Volume depletion: hypotension, sepsis, diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency Autonomic: Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy Drugs
97
Classify and differentiate the causes of proximal muscle weakness (myopathy)
Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, osteomalacia, Cushing's syndrome Infection: HIV, influenza Inflammation: vasculitides, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis, dermatomyositis) Drugs: alcohol excess
98
Classify and differentiate the causes of raised CRP
Infection Inflammation Malignancy
99
Classify and differentiate the causes of raised ESR
``` Infection Inflammation AI Malignancy Renal: CKD, nephrotic syndrome Haematological: anaemia Obesity ```
100
Classify and differentiate the causes of raised JVP
Non-pulsatile: superior vena cava obstruction Pulsatile: Cardiac - RHF, TR, constrictive pericarditis Resp - COPD, cor pulmonale Abdo - ascites, pregnancy
101
Classify and differentiate the causes of seizure
Vascular: stroke, SAH Infection: brain abscess, TB, HIV, meningitis, encephalitis Inflammation: MS, vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis Trauma: head injury Metabolic: hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, hyperK, hypoK, hyperNa, hypoNa Drugs: alcohol Malignancy: brain mets, CNS tumours Neuro: epilepsy Degenerative: Alzheimer's dementia Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis
102
Classify and differentiate the causes of sensory disturbance
Neuropathy: Mono - carpal tunnel syndrome Spine - radiculopathy Poly - DM, alcohol, vit B12/folate def, HIV, vasculitides Spinal cord: CNS tumours, MS Brainstem/thalamic: stroke, TIA, CNS tumours, brain abscess Drugs: chemo, HRT, biological agents Epilepsy Migraine
103
Classify and differentiate the causes of spastic paraparesis
Vascular: spinal cord infarction due to stroke Infection: TB, AIDS myelopathy, epidural abscess Inflammation: MS, sarcoidosis, paraneoplastic syndromes Malignancy: CNS tumours Hereditary: MND Trauma
104
Classify and differentiate the causes of splenomegaly
Massive: Malignancy - CML, myelofibrosis, lymphoma Infection - HIV Moderate: Haematological - haemolytic anaemia, thalassaemia, SCD, hereditary spherocytosis Hepatic - cirrhosis Infection - IE, infectious mononucleosis, TB, malaria, HIV Inflammation - SLE, RA Trauma Malignancy - lymphoma, multiple myeloma, metastases
105
Classify and differentiate the causes of sweating
Endocrine: diabetic autonomic neuropathy, thyrotoxicosis, hypoglycaemia, menopause, phaeochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome Infection: TB, HIV Malignancy: lymphoma Psychiatric: panic disorder, drug abuse Alcohol withdrawal
106
Classify and differentiate the causes of tachycardia
Sinus: Physiological - exercise, pain, fever, pregnancy CV - MI, HF, constrictive pericarditis, hypotension, sepsis Resp - PE, asthma, COPD Endocrine - thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma Psychiatric - generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder Drugs Supraventricular: Atrioventricular - WPW syndrome Atrial - AF/flutter Ventricular: IHD, cardiomyopathy, hyperK, hypoK
107
Classify and differentiate the causes of testicular pain and swelling
``` Epididymitis + orchitis Testicular torsion Strangulated inguinal hernia Testicular cancer Varicocoele Hydrocoele Trauma ```
108
Classify and differentiate the causes of thrombocytopenia
Increased splenic sequestration: hypersplenism Reduced platelet production: Pregnancy Drugs: alcohol abuse, chemo, HRT, biological agents Malignancy: multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis, lymphoma, leukaemia Vitamin B12/folate deficiency Increased platelet destruction: AI - ITP, SLE, RA, antiphospholipid syndrome Infection - EBV (infectious mononucleosis), HCV, HIV, malaria Liver failure DIC Drugs
109
Classify and differentiate the causes of thyrotoxicosis
Graves' disease Thyroid nodules Thyroiditis Drugs
110
Classify and differentiate the causes of tinnitus
Auditory: sensorineural hearing loss (presbycusis, otosclerosis), drugs Vascular: stroke Neuro: MS
111
Classify and differentiate the causes of tremor
Essential Parkinson's disease Cerebellar: stroke, infection, MS, vasculitides, CNS tumours Endocrine: hypoglycaemia, thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma Psychiatric: generalised anxiety disorder Drugs: alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal, antidepressants
112
Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary frequency
Infection: UTI, urethritis Bladder: diabetic autonomic neuropathy, urinary tract calculi, bladder cancer, stress incontinence Prostate: BPH, cancer Pregnancy Drugs: diuretics
113
Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary incontinence
Stress: childbirth, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Urge: SC compression, SCI, bladder cancer, bladder outflow obstruction (retention), stroke, MS Overflow: bladder outflow obstruction (retention)
114
Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary retention
Outflow obstruction: Intraluminal - UT calculi Intramural - urethral stricture Extramural - BPH, constipation, pregnancy Infection: UTI, urethritis, genital herpes (HSV) Neurological impairment: SCI, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, MS, CNS tumours, metastases Trauma Post-operative Drugs
115
Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary urgency
Infection: UTI, urethritis Bladder: cancer, stress incontinence, UT calculi Prostate: BPH, prostate cancer Pregnancy
116
Classify and differentiate the causes of visual field defect
``` Stroke TIA CNS tumours MS Trauma ```
117
Classify and differentiate the causes of weight loss
GI: PUD, gastritis, UC, CD, Coeliac disease Infection Cancer Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, DM, adrenal insufficiency Cardiac: HF Resp: bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, CF Renal: CKD Rheumatological: RA, GCA Neuro: stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, MND Psychiatric: depressive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bipolar affective disorder Drugs: alcohol abuse, drug abuse
118
Classify and differentiate the causes of wheeze
Anaphylaxis Resp: asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, lung cancer Cardiac: HF Foreign body

Y3 (20 decks)

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