Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Middle Ages:

religion

A
  • processions
  • pay indulgences
  • pray for forgiveness
  • whipping themselves
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2
Q

Middle Ages:

lifestyle

A
  • don’t eat too much
  • bathe in urine three times a day
  • carry sweet smelling herbs
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3
Q

Middle Ages:

alchemy

A
  • gullible people gave lots of money to alchemists
  • mixtures of distilled vinegar
  • medicines containing poisons (mercury) to clear system
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4
Q

Middle Ages:

soothsayers

A
  • see the future predict why you’d get ill

- charms to protect against evil

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5
Q

Middle Ages:

Mother Shipton

A
  • soothsayer
  • 15th Century
  • petrifying well with mineral rich water
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6
Q

Middle Ages:

doctors

A
  • apothecaries with herbal remedies
  • barber surgeons set broken limbs
  • physicians trained in Italy or Paris
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7
Q

Early Modern:

John Dee

A
  • alchemist
  • 1580 onwards
  • mathematician
  • studied how to communicate with angels
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8
Q

Early Modern:

fads

A
  • vegetarianism

- teetotalism

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9
Q

Early Modern:

Cold Water Treatment

A
  • Brighton and Bognor Regis to drink and swim in sea
  • rich had plunge pools in garden
  • eating cool foods such as cucumber
  • cold water baths
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10
Q

Modern 18th and 19th Century:

childbed fever

A
  • infection after childbirth for mothers

- rural areas suffered less

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11
Q

Modern 18th and 19th Century:

Alexander Gordon

A
  • 1700s
  • childbed fever
  • medical practioners should wash clothes and hands between patients in chlorinated water
  • published 1795
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12
Q

Modern 18th and 19th Century:

scientific methods

A
  • microscope
  • stethoscope
  • printing press
  • scientific papers
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13
Q

Modern 18th and 19th Century:

James Lind

A
  • discovered cause of scurvy

- suggested sailors should be given lime juice or fresh juice

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14
Q

Modern 18th and 19th Century:

John Snow

A
  • 1854 cholera outbreak in London
  • infection grouped round Broad Street pumping station
  • took handle off pump preventing those from using it
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15
Q

Modern 18th Century:

smallpox

A
  • killing 30% to 60% of victims
  • blind or disfigured with scars
  • 1796 killed at least 35000
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16
Q

Modern 18th Century:

Edward Jenner’s investigation

A
  • milkmaids had cowpox didn’t get smallpox
  • infected 9 year old James Phipps with cowpox
  • gave dose of smallpox and he was immune
17
Q

Modern 18th Century:

Edward Jenner’s vaccinations

A
  • developed vaccines which built up antibodies
  • submitted paper to Royal Society 1797 but needed more proof
  • 1798 experimented with own son
  • awarded £100000 from government in 1802
18
Q

Modern 19th Century:

opposition to Jenner

A
  • shouldn’t get in way of God’s punishment
  • disliked giving animal disease to humans
  • anti-vaccination league 1866
19
Q

Modern 19th Century:

government 1852

A
  • vaccinations free for all infants and compulsory but not strictly enforced
20
Q

Modern 19th Century:

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

A
  • Pasteur - 1860s Germ Theory

- Koch - specific bacteria cause specific diseases

21
Q

Modern 19th Century:

government 1871

A

parents fined if children weren’t vaccinated

22
Q

Modern 19th Century:

government 1887

A
  • death rate fell dramatically

- so gave parents right to refuse vaccinations

23
Q

Modern 20th Century:

vaccination programmes

A

mostly eliminated:

  • polio 1955
  • measles 1963
  • whooping cough
24
Q

Modern 20th Century:

infant mortality rate

A

fallen from 170 in every 1000 in 1900 to between 4 or 5 in every 1000 today

25
Q

Modern 20th Century:

MMR debate

A
  • 1998 Dr Wakefield
  • higher risk of developing autism
  • paper proved incorrect but many parents didn’t vaccinate their children
  • UK first major outbreak of measles 2012-2013
26
Q

Modern 20th Century:

current vaccination rates

A

around 93%