Primary Source profiles etc

Question 1

Thomas Arnold

Answer 1

Historian and educator
associated with new ‘scientific histiory’
known for strong religion and belief in moral education. Education formed character as well as being intellectual pursuit.

Text: Appendix 1 to Thucydides’ Peloponnesian war (c. 1830)

Question 2

Macaulay

Answer 2

Historian and Politician: Whig
MP and Secretary for State of war and colonies
pro-british imperialism
the inevitability of socioeconomic progress
died in 1859

Text: Peculiar Character of the English Revolution FROM The History of England (1849-55)

Question 3

Trevelyan

Answer 3

historian and academic
grand-nephew of Macaulay
continued in his Whig tradition, maybe even held as last Whig historian.
writes engaged and partisan histories, employs bias. (spoke on this- wrote due to sympathies with subjects)

Text: Clio, A Muse (1913)

Question 4

Thomas Carlyle

Answer 4

(no text read)
essayist, philosopher and historian

engagement with french and german literature. Works on the French Revolution (a lot from Mill; acclaim and popular success), Heroism in history and Frederich the Great.

Question 5

William Stubbs

Answer 5

(no text read)
Anglican Bishop, Oxford History prof 1866-1884
lectured on medieval and modern history

In 1872, he founded Oxford University’s School of Modern History, allowing postclassical history to be taught as a distinct subject for the first time

unity and continuity in history meant that they needn’t be studied distinct from one another. Advantages to looking at them separately but also how study of the ancient could aid the classical

Question 6

John Robert Seeley

Answer 6

(no text read)
English liberal historian and political essayist
a founder of british imperial history, advocate for empire, wrote a book called The Expansion of England in 1883.
liberal in politics, radical in education reform (women in unis!)

1865 wrote a book on the life of Jesus Christ, his moral character and historical actions

Question 7

George Eliot

Answer 7

Mary Ann Evans
(1819-1880)
novelist, journalist, translator
editor of The Westminster Review, a left wing journal
sympathies for lower classes, criticism of organised religion in her articles.
John Chapman editor but she did most work producing the journal.

Question 8

Julia Frances Wedgwood

Answer 8

1833-1913
prominent suffragist and womens rights activist, highly educated, attended Girton.
Darwin was her uncle. She wrote that evolution was compatible with Christianity and Darwin wrote supporting her interpretation of his work.
lots of writing on the boundaries of science and religion.

Male and Female Created He them (1889)

In another text argued that gender inequality was not supported by biblical scripture. Subordination due to cultural and social factors. Argues for more egalitarian society with men and women equal in society and eyes of god.

Question 9

Henry Buckle

Answer 9

1821-1862
historian and writer
controversial for his atheism and non-trad approaches to history: emphasises roles of geography, climate and other external factors in historical events.
Human progress determined by natural laws > individual acts

Text: The Influence of women on the progress of Knowledge- 1858 lecture

Question 10

H. Sidgwick

Answer 10

1838-1900
moral philosopher. Beliefs based on utilitarianism.
Attended Cambridge and fellowship in Classics from 1859.
resigned and reinstated to do with compulsory Church of England membership.
promoted higher education of women, helped with establishment of Newnham college.
a Liberal, politically.

‘The Theory of a Classical Education’ (1867)

Question 11

Emily Davies

Answer 11

1830-1921
Feminist and education pioneer.
lowly background but good home education, governess in the 1850s.
Kensington society.
Lobbied for women’s college in Cambridge, first mistress of Girton from 1869.

The Higher Education of Women (1866)

Question 12

T.H. Green

Answer 12

1836-1882
philosopher and political theorist, associated with British Idealism
Oxford; was a prof of moral philosophy
importance of social and political reform. State’s role was to create just and equitable society, criticised individualistic and laissez-faire politics, more interventionist and social responsible.
Founded Somerville with his wife and helped to found City of Oxford High School for Boys.

New Oxford High School Lecture (1882)
3 level system

Question 13

John Henry Newman

Answer 13

British theologian, Catholic cardinal. Leading figure in the Oxford movement.
The Idea of a University 1852
theology as science
science and theology do not conflict

Question 14

J Bryce

Answer 14

1838-1922
Brit statesman, jurist, historian, MP. Served as Brit Ambassador in US 1907-1913.
Social reformer for progressive causes: expansion of education and women’s suffrage

Prefact to J. Conrad, 1885

Question 15

Playfair

Answer 15

1818-1898
educator, scientist, politician. Chemist by training.
involved in developing technical education in Britain.
key role in Great Exhib of 1851, showcasing technological and industrial achievements of BR.

The Chemical Principles involved in the manufactures of the Exhibition (1851)

Question 16

Taunton

Answer 16

1st baron of Taunton
whig and liberal party politician.
Produced the Schools Enquiry commission 1867-8

Question 17

T.G Jackson

Answer 17

designed Exam Schools
1876-82

first non-Gothic new building in years (liberals see it as too ecclesiastical and conservative, rejection of a number of gothic designs)
inspo from Classical, Byzantine and Elizabethan styles.