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Oral Biology > Primary Tooth Morphology > Flashcards

Primary Tooth Morphology Flashcards

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1
Q

describe gingival cysts

A
  • found on the palate and gingiva
  • these are developmental collections of keratin that can be ignored
  • they seem concerning to parents and sometimes are misdiagnosed as erupting teeth but they will resolve by themselves
  • no actual treatment, just reassure the parents and the child that it is nothing to be concerned about
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2
Q

describe congenital epulis

A

this is a growth in the mucosa of a newborn and can progress and interfere with feeding
if it interferes can be managed via surgery but otherwise it will be left to resolve on its own

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3
Q

describe neonatal teeth

A

these are teeth present at birth or those that develop soon after birth and they are very common
usually the primary incisors will develop ectopically when neonatal, they should not be removed unless they threaten the airway by wiggling around or if they are causing ulcerations

if there are issues with feeding because of them they can be smoothed down

due to erupting early they are not always fully formed

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4
Q

describe eruption cysts

A

the tooth develops in a follicle and blood can sometimes end up in the follicle which gives a blue hue
when the tooth erupts the cyst will resolve

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5
Q

describe the use of notation for primary teeth

A

the quadrants are called 5, 6, 7 and 8 and can be referred to as letters or numbers but never both at the same time
use FDI notation in the exam

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6
Q

is there more variation in primary or permanent dentition

A

primary

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7
Q

when should tooth calcification stop

A

a month and half after birth

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8
Q

what are some examples of systemic disturbances that can lead to enamel defects

A

infections and reduced oxygenation

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9
Q

when does tooth eruption stop

A

when the teeth contact something - this is usually the opposing arch gingiva or teeth

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10
Q

what are the differences between primary and permanent dentition

A

primary is smaller due to smaller jaws, both the roots and crowns are smaller

the primary molars are wider mesiodistally and more bulbous which is an important note for restorations

they are whiter in colour due to the enamel and dentine being thinner due to less space

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11
Q

identifying feature of upper first primary molar

A

prominent mesiobuccal tubercle

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12
Q

identifying feature of lower first primary molar

A

prominent mesiobuccal tubercle - not as prominent as the upper first primary molar

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13
Q

identifying feature of the upper right second molar

A

transverse ridge

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14
Q

explain the roots of primary teeth

A

narrower than permanent teeth
flat, and ribbon shaped
thin and flare apically

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15
Q

why do the roots of primary teeth flare apically

A

due to the permanent tooth germ growing in the middle of the root

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16
Q

describe the pulp chambers of the primary teeth

A

smaller than permanent, but in proportion to the size of the actual tooth they are large

the horns are closer to enamel than in permanent dentition so it is more likely that the pulp will be exposed

the canals are often ribbon shaped and have many accessory canals

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17
Q

primary enamel description

A

consistently thin around the tooth rather than varying in thickness like in the permanent dentition

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18
Q

is it good if there is little spacing between primary teeth

A

no

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19
Q

why is it difficult to completely clean out the root canal of primary teeth

A

they are flat and ribbon shaped when the end files are conical

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20
Q

in what direction does the face grow

A

Down and outward

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21
Q

when does mixed dentition last until

A

the final tooth exfoliates

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22
Q

what does exfoliate mean

A

the natural process of shedding the primary teeth

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23
Q

describe how the path of eruption between primary and permanent dentition differs

A

the angulation is different

primary are upright
permanent are inclined backward to increase the length of the arch
they develop palatal to the primary teeth

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24
Q

how can the age of a child be determined from their dental radiograph

A

whether the roots are formed or not
for permanent teeth, roots are formed at three years of age
for primary tech, roots are formed at 1.5 years

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25
what are some early problems that can occur in the dentition of children
gingival cysts congenital epulis natal or neonatal teeth eruption cysts
26
what are epsteins pearls an example of
gingival cysts
27
what are bohns nodules examples of
gingival cysts
28
how are the quadrants numbered in primary dentition
5 6 8 7
29
when do teeth start to form
week 5 of inter uterine life
30
when does hard tissue formation begin
week 13 of inter uterine life
31
when can teeth be detected on ultrasounds
after week 13 because this is when hard tissue formation begins
32
when does the maxillary central incisor begin to calcify
between weeks 13 and 16
33
when does the crown of the maxillary central incisor completely calcify
1.5 months after birth
34
in what month post birth will the maxillary central incisor erupt in a child
8-12 months
35
when does the root completely calcify for the maxillary central incisor in primary dentition
33 months
36
describe the chronology of the maxillary second primary molar
hard tissue formation at 16-23 weeks i.u.l crown formation complete at 11 months after birth eruption between 25-33 months after birth complete root formation at 47 months
37
what can lead to defects in the enamel
systemic disturbances during calification
38
what are defects in primary dentition that are non hereditary most likely the result of
difficult pregnancy for the mother or complications at birth
39
how calcified are central incisors at birth
a half
40
how calcified are lateral incisors at birth
a third
41
how calcified are primary canines at birth
just the tip
42
how calcified are primary molars at birth
a half
43
how calcified are second primary molars at birth
a third
44
how calcified are cusps of permanent molars
the tips
45
what are some theories of how teeth erupt
- cellular proliferation at the apex of the tooth - localised change in blood pressure - metabolic activity in the periodontal ligament - resorption of overlying hard tissue
46
describe the resorption of overlying hard tissue in teeth
- due to enzymes in the dental follicle - the follicle is best seen on the radiograph as a dark halo around the unerupted tooth - the remodelling of bone or primary tooth tissue is essential to the process of tooth eruption - animal models have shown that resorption processes can be uncoupled from the eruption process meaning it is not necessary for the tooth to erupt to cause the bone to resorb
47
describe the role of the dental follicle in tooth eruption
the follicle plays an essential role in active tooth eruption activated to initiate the osteoclastic activity in the alveolar bone ahead of the tooth and clear a path for tooth eruption once the crystal bone has been breached the follicle plays a lesser role
48
does eruption ever end
- it stops when the tooth comes into contact with something - however it will continue throughout life to compensate for the vertical growth of the jaws and tooth wear - teeth have to constantly have something opposing them or they will continue to erupt
49
what is the order of eruption
a b d c e central incisor lateral incisor first molar second molar canine
50
what is the general rule to primary tooth eruption and what is the exception to this rule
lower teeth erupt before the upper teeth the lateral incisors are the exception, the upper will erupt before the lower
51
what is usually the first primary tooth to erupt
the lower central incisor - 4-6 months
52
FDI notation for lower central incisor
81 71
53
FDI notation for the primary lateral incisor
52, 62, 72 and 82
54
at what months for the primary lateral incisors erupt
7-16 months
55
FDI notation for the first molars
54, 64, 74, 84
56
at what month do the primary first molars erupt
13-19 months
57
FDI notation for the primary canines
53, 63, 73, 83
58
at what month do the primary canines erupt
16-22 months
59
FDI notation for primary second molars
55, 65, 75, 85
60
at what month do the primary second molars erupt
15-33 months
61
what is the normal period of time between the eruption of a tooth and their contralaterals
three months
62
at what age is primary dentition complete
2.5-3 years of age
63
identifying feature of lower right second primary molars
three buccal cusps like the permanent successor
64
describe the roots of primary molars
longer and more slender than the roots of permanent molars flare apically to allow room in between for developing permanent tooth crowns
65
why is pulpal exposure on cavity preparation more likely in primary teeth than in permanent teeth
the pulp horns extend high occlusally, placing them closer to the enamel than the pulp horns of the permanent teeth
66
describe root canals on primary teeth
ribbon shaped with multiple interconnecting and accessory canals
67
difference between dentine in primary and permanent teeth
the thickness of coronal dentine is much thinner than in permanent teeth
68
difference between the enamel of permanent teeth and primary
the enamel of the primary teeth is thin and has a consistent depth
69
why is it desirable to have spacing in the primary dentition
so there is no crowding in the permanent dentition
70
describe the occlusion of primary canines
lowers space mesial to upper canines and uppers space distal to Lower canines
71
what is leeway space
extra mesiodistal space occupied by the primary molars which are wider than the premolars that replace them equates to 1.5mm per side on the upper arch and 2.5mm per side in the lower arch
72
what is the mixed dentition stage
begins from the first permanent tooth eruption and ends at the exfoliation of the last primary tooth usually between 6 and 11 years of age
73
eruption sequence of upper permanent teeth
6, 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 7, 8
74
eruption sequence of lower permanent teeth
6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8
75
age when upper permanent 1 erupt
7 years
76
age when permanent upper 2 erupts
8 years
77
age when upper permanent 3 erupts
11 years
78
age when upper permanent 4 erupts
10 years
79
age when upper permanent 5 erupts
10 years
80
age when upper permanent 6 erupts
6 years
81
age when upper permanent 7 erupts
12 years
82
age when lower permanent 1 erupts
6 years
83
age when lower permanent 2 erupts
7 years
84
age when lower permanent 3 erupts
9 years
85
age when lower permanent 4 erupts
10 years
86
age when lower permanent 5 erupts
10 years
87
age when lower permanent 6 erupts
6
88
age when lower permanent 7 erupts
12 years
89
what does crowding in the upper arch usually lead to
exclusion of the upper canine
90
what does crowding in the lower arch usually lead to
lack of space for the second premolar
91
what can lead to trauma risk when central incisors are erupting
if the primary are displaced toward the development permanent then there can be a trauma risk
92
what is the ugly duckling phase
this is transient spacing of the upper 1s that can occur due to the close proximity of their roots to the erupting 2s and 3s
93
how long from the date of eruption does it take for the permanent tooth root to complete apexogenesis
three years
94
what is apexogenesis
continuation of root development that leads to normal root length and apical closure
95
how many primary teeth are there
20
96
at what age does eruption begin for primary teeth
6 months
97
what are the primary teeth
two incisors, canine and two molars
98
at what age do the roots of primary dentition complete
3 years
99
which primary are the most unstable
the maxillary incisors and the second molars of both arches
100
eruption sequence for primary teeth
central, lateral, first molar, canine, second molar
101
loss sequence of primary teeth
incisors, first molars, canines and second molars
102
what is the high peak for caries attack in primary teeth
13 years of age
103
why is premature loss of primary teeth to be avoided
primary teeth have a role in mastication and in maintaining space for eruption of the permanent teeth lack of space associated with premature loss is a significant factor in the development of malocclusion
104
describe the eruption the first permanent molar
otherwise known as the six year molar, arrives before any of the permanent teeth are lost and comes in immediately distal to the primary second molar
105
which primary tooth has a form unlike any of the permanent teeth
the deciduous mandibular first molar
106
how do the cervical ridges differ between deciduous and permanent teeth
the deciduous have more prominent cervical ridges and are narrower at their necks
107
how do the roots differ between deciduous and permanent teeth
they are more widely flared in the deciduous teeth
108
compare the primary anterior teeth to the permanent
- crowns are wider mesiodistally in comparison to the crown length compared to permanent teeth - roots are narrower and longer. narrow roots with wide crowns presents an arrangement at the cervical third of crown and root that differs from the permanent anterior teeth
109
why are the roots of the primary molars longer and more slender and flare more
allows more room between the roots for the development of permanent tooth crowns
110
how do the cervical ridges of the primary molars differ
they are more pronounced buccally, especially in the first molars
111
differences between the primary and the permanent pulp chambers and canals
- crown width in all directions are large in comparison with the root trunks and crevices - the enamel is thin and has consistent depth - dentine thickness between pulp chambers and enamel is limited - pulp horns are high and chambers are large - primary roots are narrow and long in comparison to the crown width and length - molar roots of primary teeth flare and thin out rapidly as the apices are approached
112
maxillary lateral incisor primary
112
113
primary maxillary canine
114
primary mandibular canine
115
mandibular lateral incisor
116
mandibular central incisor
117
describe the lingual aspect of the primary anterior teeth
well developed marginal ridge and highly developed cingulum cingulum extends up toward the incised edge far enough to make a partial division of the concavity on the lingual surface below the incisal edge
118
describe the medial and distal aspects of the primary maxillary central incisor
curvature of the cervical line represents the cementoenaml junction and is distinct and curves toward the incisal ridge the medial curvature is more pronounced than the distal curvature
119
which tooth is this describing: the mesial surface of the root will have a developmental groove or concavity whereas distally the surface is convex
primary maxillary central incisor
120
what is an important feature of the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor
the measurement mesiodistally compared to the measurement labiolingually. labial surface is much broader and smoother than the lingual surface and the lingual surface tapers toward the cingulum
121
tooth formation begins at which stage of embryonic life
week 5
122
what are the two stages of permanent tooth eruption
- incisor teeth and permanent first molars erupt - other teeth in the buccal segments then follow
123
what does it mean if the upper lateral erupts before the upper central incisor
there is almost certainly something impeding the eruption of the central like a supernumerary tooth or a dilaceration of the upper central root
124
why are the permanent upper central incisors more proclined than their primary counterparts
to allow forward repositioning of the mandible when the first permanent molars erupt in a cusp to cusp relationship with their opponents

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