The Oral Environment

Question 1

what is present within the salivary glands to produce the saliva

Answer 1

specialised acini

Question 2

what are the oral fluids

Answer 2

• saliva
• gingival crevicular fluid
• oral bacteria
• food debris
• epithelial cells

Question 3

where is the gingival crevicular fluid found

Answer 3

in the crevice between the tooth and the gingiva known as the sulculus

Question 4

what are the main brackets of function of the oral fluids

Answer 4

digestive and protective

Question 5

what are the protective functions of the oral fluids

Answer 5

cleansing
mucosal protection
buffering
remineralisation
antimicrobial

Question 6

how do you measure pH

Answer 6

logarithmic scale - every unit of pH change is a factor of 10

Question 7

why do buffers within the ph have a constant of association known as the pKa

Answer 7

because the buffer can only take the hydrogen ions in a certain range in order to stop the drop in pH

Question 8

what is remineralisation

Answer 8

this is when the tooth loses the mineral and is able to gain it back

Question 9

how does the saliva make teeth stronger

Answer 9

can provide calcium phosphate to the tooth structure when it has been demineralised

Question 10

what does fluoride come from mainly for our mouths

Answer 10

toothpaste

Question 11

why does thrush often occur after a course of antibiotics has been taken

Answer 11

the microorganism that causes thrush is found in the fungi family and therefore is not killed by the antibiotics. the antibiotics also kill all the flora in the mouth, including the good ones, reducing protection.

Question 12

what produces mucous in the respiratory tract

Answer 12

globular cells

Question 13

what produces mucous in the mouth

Answer 13

the salivary glands

Question 14

what can happen to the experience of eating when there is reduced salivary flow

Answer 14

things don’t taste as nice and can be harder to chew

Question 15

what are the digestive functions of the oral fluids

Answer 15

taste
digestive enzymes
lubricating bolus

Question 16

what is an example of a digestive enzyme found within the oral fluid

Answer 16

amylase

Question 17

why is it important that the saliva lubricates bolus for chewing and swallowing

Answer 17

it needs to be soft enough to be swallowed

Question 18

what is the link between saliva and oral diseases

Answer 18

saliva is important for defence roles and a reduced flow can cause a number of oral health problems due to absence of various protective enzymes

Question 19

why can decreased secretion of saliva occur

Answer 19

there are many reasons for this, such as salivary gland diseases or diseases of other glands

Question 20

what is xerostomia

Answer 20

dry mouth, and a prominent symptom for patients with salivary gland disease

Question 21

on what surfaces of the tooth can the increased incidence of dental caries be viewed when there is reduced saliva flow

Answer 21

the buccal and labial surfaces.

Question 22

why are the buccal and labial surfaces of the tooth usually safe from dental caries if saliva flow is normal

Answer 22

they are easily cleansed by the movement of mastication

Question 23

what are salivary glands

Answer 23

exocrine glands that produce serous and or mucous secretions.

Question 24

what is the name of the arrangement of salivary glands

Answer 24

tubulo acinar arrangement

Question 25

what are the minor salivary glands

Answer 25

these are a more diffuse collection of glandular tissue lying in the lamina propria of the following areas of the oral cavity: - buccal - labial - lingual - palatal - both soft and hard palate

Question 26

what are the major salivary glands

Answer 26

these are more distinct and identifiable and are the following - parotid - sublingual - submandibular they are paired salivary glands - two of each

Question 27

describe the salivary gland structure

Answer 27

there are acini that clump together to form capsules, the secondary arrangement intercalated tubules are found between the acini there are also striated tubules all of these collect together into the main collecting duct this is the structure of a single lobe of a salivary gland

Question 28

why is it important that there are striated tubules

Answer 28

there are certain changes in the saliva at this area

Question 29

what are the myoepithelial cells found in salivary glands

Answer 29

these are cells that can be found in the glands that look or react as muscle cells

Question 30

what do acini produce

Answer 30

saliva

Question 31

where do the acini produce the saliva into

Answer 31

the lumen, which joins onto the intercalated tubules

Question 32

what is the difference between the serous and mucous acini

Answer 32

mucuos acini require a machinery that will produce the mucous and be kept inside the acinus. the process of keeping proteins in the acinus gives the inner portion of the cell a frothy arrangement, and the nuclei are usually pushed away from this froth. there is a big difference in colour between the froth and the nuclei. in comparison, the serous acini lack these proteins and therefore do not have froth pushing away the nuclei.

Question 33

describe the acinus of mixed acini

Answer 33

they have a mucous arrangement and a serous arrangement

Question 34

what are the salivary gland secretions of the major salivary glands

Answer 34

parotid is serous submandibular is mixed sublingual is mucous

Question 35

what secretion is released by the parotid salivary gland

Answer 35

serous

Question 36

which secretion is released by the submandibular salivary gland

Answer 36

mixed

Question 37

which secretion is released by the sublingual salivary gland

Answer 37

mucous

Question 38

which secretion is released by the buccal minor salivary gland

Answer 38

mucous

Question 39

which secretion is released by the labial salivary gland

Answer 39

mucous

Question 40

which secretion is released by the lingual salivary gland

Answer 40

serous and mucous - not a mixed secretion though

Question 41

which secretion is released by the palatal salivary gland

Answer 41

mucous

Question 42

what is gingival crevicular fluid

Answer 42

fluid from the epithelium that lines the gingival crevice that can also be called sulcular fluid relevant for the health of the gingiva - if there is inflammation there will be concentrations of this fluid

Question 43

what is the sulcus

Answer 43

the gingival crevice

Question 44

how many ml of saliva are produced while sleeping

Answer 44

10

Question 45

how many ml of saliva are produced while awake or resting

Answer 45

250

Question 46

how many ml of saliva are produced while eating

Answer 46

360

Question 47

how many ml of saliva are secreted on average every day

Answer 47

620

Question 48

what do the contributions of the different salivary glands vary depending on

Answer 48

the degree of stimulation

Question 49

why is it important to brush our teeth before going to sleep

Answer 49

there is much less saliva being produced and therefore there is less protective function so the fluoride is required to protect the teeth further

Question 50

why is reduced saliva flow associated with oral diseases

Answer 50

absence of various protective components

Question 51

where is the sublingual salivary gland located

Answer 51

under the tongue

Question 52

where is the submandibular salivary gland located

Answer 52

base of the mandible, below the sublingual

Question 53

where is the parotid salivary gland located

Answer 53

under the ear and in front of it - not behind it

Question 54

where do the striated ducts run into

Answer 54

the main collective duct

Question 55

when does flow of the gingival crevicular fluid increase

Answer 55

when there is inflammation

Question 56

what is the average range of daily salivary flow

Answer 56

500-700

Question 57

which salivary gland secretes the majority of saliva when sleeping

Answer 57

the submandibular, at 70%

Question 58

what is the percentage contribution of the sublingual gland when sleeping

Answer 58

15%

Question 59

what is the percentage contribution of the parotid gland when sleeping

Answer 59

0%

Question 60

what is the percentage contribution of the submandibular gland when sleeping

Answer 60

70%

Question 61

what is the percentage contribution of the minor salivary glands when sleeping

Answer 61

15%

Question 62

what is the percentage contribution of the parotid salivary gland when awake

Answer 62

20%

Question 63

what is the percentage contribution of the submandibular gland when awake

Answer 63

72%

Question 64

what is the percentage contribution of the sublingual gland when awake

Answer 64

4%

Question 65

what is the percentage contribution of the minor glands when awake

Answer 65

4%

Question 66

what is the percentage contribution of the parotid gland when stimulated

Answer 66

50%

Question 67

what is the percentage contribution of the submandibular gland when stimulated

Answer 67

40%

Question 68

what is the percentage contribution of the sublingual gland when stimulated

Answer 68

2%

Question 69

what is the percentage contribution of the minor glands when stimulated

Answer 69

8%

Question 70

which salivary gland produces the most saliva when awake

Answer 70

submandibular

Question 71

which salivary gland produces the most saliva when stimulated

Answer 71

the parotid gland

Question 72

what are the factors that affect unstimulated salivary flow rate

Answer 72

- state of hydration - previous stimulation - circadium rhythms - circannual rhythms - medications - salivary gland disease

Question 73

what is the composition of the inorganic component of saliva

Answer 73

99.5% is water 0.2% is ions

Question 74

what is the composition of the organic component of saliva

Answer 74

0.3% mainly proteins with little carbohydrate or lipid

Question 75

does the salivary composition of the glands vary

Answer 75

yes, usually varies depending on flow rate. there is greater bicarbonate ion concentration at higher flow rates and is important for buffering plaque acids

Question 76

when is the bicarbonate concentration of saliva greater

Answer 76

when there are higher flow rates

Question 77

what are the three main categories of function that the saliva is found related to

Answer 77

the teeth, microorganisms and food

Question 78

how does the function of saliva related to food

Answer 78

- taste - digestion - bolus formation

Question 79

how does the function of saliva related to teeth

Answer 79

- buffering - decreasing demineralisation - remineralisation - lubrication

Question 80

how does the function of saliva relate to microorganisms

Answer 80

antibacterial antifungal antiviral

Question 81

what are the digestive enzymes found within the saliva that contribute to food digestion

Answer 81

- amylase - protease - lipase - dnaase - rnaase

Question 82

how does saliva contribute to the taste of food

Answer 82

gustin, zinc and water

Question 83

how does saliva contribute to bolus formation in the mouth

Answer 83

contains mucins and water

Question 84

how does saliva function in buffering

Answer 84

contains bicarbonate, phosphate and proteins

Question 85

how does the saliva function in reducing demineralisation of teeth

Answer 85

contains mucins, calcium and phosphate ions

Question 86

how does saliva function in remineralising teeth

Answer 86

contains calcium and phosphate ions

Question 87

how does saliva function in lubrication of teeth

Answer 87

mucins and PRG

Question 88

how does the saliva function in being antiviral

Answer 88

contains cystatins, mucons, immunoglobins and SLPI

Question 89

what does the saliva contain that allows for being antifungal

Answer 89

histatins, chromagranin A and immunoglobins

Question 90

what does the saliva contain that gives it an antibacterial function

Answer 90

- lysozome - lactoferrin - calprotectin - lactoperoxidase - immunoglobins - chromogranin A - cystatins - histatins - vegh - slpi

Question 91

what ions can be found in saliva

Answer 91

fluoride calcium thyocyanite bicarbonate phosphate

Question 92

what does fluoride function as in the saliva

Answer 92

- antibacterial - forms fluorapatite - promotes remineralisation

Question 93

what does calcium and phosphate function as in the saliva

Answer 93

remineralisation

Question 94

what does thyocyanite function as in the saliva

Answer 94

antibacterial

Question 95

what does bicarbonate and phosphate function as in the saliva

Answer 95

buffering

Question 96

when is bicarbonate most effective

Answer 96

at high flow rates when the its at its highest

Question 97

when is phosphate important as a buffer

Answer 97

at rest

Question 98

when are proteins important as buffers in the saliva

Answer 98

they have a limited effect and their main buffering action occurs at pH lower than 5

Question 99

when are bacterial ammonia ions important as buffers in the saliva

Answer 99

they have a role in buffering plaque acid

Question 100

what are the salivary buffers

Answer 100

bicarbonate phosphates proteins bacterial ammonia