Primate Behaviour

Question 1

Analogy

Answer 1

Similar traits due similar functions

Question 2

Homology

Answer 2

Similar traits due common ancestry

Question 3

Homoplasy

Answer 3

Similar traits due convergence

Question 4

Referential model

Answer 4

Use of species to draw analogies with others

Question 5

Ecological determinism

Answer 5

Environment determines behaviour`

Question 6

Speciation

Answer 6

The appearance of new species

Question 7

Evolution

Answer 7

A change in the inherited charasteristics of populations over generations

Question 8

Morphology

Answer 8

The form of living organisms

Question 9

Specimen

Answer 9

Individual organism that functions as example of its species

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

Process that leads to adaptations when three postulates hold: competition, variation, heritability

Question 11

Biological Species Concept

Answer 11

groups of naturally interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from others

Question 12

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 12

Species as distinct cluster of organisms by looking at unique evolutionary history

Question 13

Principle of Parsimony

Answer 13

Simplest solution as most likely

Question 14

Synapomorphies

Answer 14

A characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants.

Question 15

Adaptive radiation

Answer 15

An evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage

Question 16

Crypsis

Answer 16

Predator avoidance

Question 17

family: Cebidae

Answer 17

Haplorhini-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea-->Cebidae
Capuchins, Squirrel monkeys. 
- arboreal
- diurnal
- omnivorous
- group living

Question 18

family: Pitheciidae

Answer 18

Haplorhini–>Platyrrhini–>Ceboidea–>Pitheciidae
Sakis, Uakaris, Titi Monkey
- arboreal
- diurnal
- diverse diet
- diverse social organization
- special adapted teeth for protected foods

Question 19

family: Callitrichidae

Answer 19

Haplorhini-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea-->Callitrichidae
Tamarins
- smallest haplorhines
- fruit, insect, gum
- pseudo claw instead of nails
- monogamous & polyandrous
- produce twins
- territorial: scent-marking

Question 20

family: Atelidae

Answer 20

Haplorhini-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea-->Atelidae
Spider monkeys
- arboreal
- diurnal
- prehensive tails
- reduced thumb
- diverse diet
- suspensory locomotion

Question 21

family: Aotidae

Answer 21

Haplorhini-->Platyrrhini-->Ceboidea-->Aotidae
Aotus (single genus)
- arboreal
- nocturnal
- monochromatic vision
- monogamous
- territorial: scent marking

Question 22

Suborder: Strepsirrhini

Answer 22

Primates-->Strepsirrhini
Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia
- more ancestral traits
- wet nose
- smaller body
- more reliance on olfactory cues
- scent marking
- post orbital bar
- tooth comb
- grooming claw
- vertical clinging and leaping
- tapetum lucidum

Question 23

Suborder: Haplorhini

Answer 23

Primates–>Haplorhini

• more derived traits
• dry nose
• flatter face
• reduced hearing
• diurnal
• no tapetum lucidum
• no tooth comb
• larger, more complex brains:
• longer juvenile dependency
• increased parental investment
• increased social complexity

Question 24

Infraorder: Platyrrhini

Answer 24

haplorhini-->Platyrrhini
New world monkeys
- broad, outward facing nostrils
- three premolars
- arboreal
- diurnal (except Aotus)
- smaller body
- little sexual dimorphism

Question 25

Infraorder: Catarrhini

Answer 25

``` Haplorhini-->Catarrhini Old world monkey - narrow, downward facing nostrils - terrestrial,arboreal - all diurnal - larger body size - diverse social organization - diverse diet, habitat - some extreme sexual dimorphism ```

Question 26

altricial

Answer 26

offspring requiring a lot of parental investment