Primates Flashcards by Stuti Rao

Derived Traits (PoGO SSOBbeD)
ALL PRIMATES

P - petrosal bulla
G - grasping ability
O - olfaction, reduced
S - stereoscopic vision
S - social
O - orbital, enclosed; postorbital bar
B - brains, large relative to size
D - development periods = long

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contributing factors to stereoscopic vision (all primates)

binocular vision - frontally facing eyes, accurate reach and depth perception

trichromatic vision

cues to form 3D vision - angle, shading, size

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contributing factors to high grasping ability (all primates)

opposable thumbs
sensitive tactile pads on digits
nails, not claws

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contributing factors to reduced olfaction (all primates)

lack of rhinarium (haplorrhines)

reduced olfactory region in brain

reduced nasal structure/ snout (in skull)

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ancestral traits
ALL PRIMATES

generalized body plan
generalized dentition
locomotor adaptations

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contributing factors of generalized body plan (ancestral, all primates)

retention of clavicle
2 bones in lower arm (radius and ulna)
5 digits

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contributing factors of locomotor adaptations (ancestral, all primates)

quadrupedalism
vertical clinging and leaping
suspensory
knuckle-walking

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contributing factors of generalized dentition (ancestral, all primates)

heterodonty

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contributing factors of dental adaptations (ancestral, all primates)

teeth in maxillary and mandible
bilaterally symmetrical teeth

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Strepsirrhine Ancestral Traits (RUT)

R - rhinarium
U - unfused mandible
T - tapetum lucidum

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Strepsirrhine Derived Traits (NPC)

N - nails, only claw = grooming, 2nd hindlimb digit
P - postorbital bar
C - tooth comb

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Lorisoidea (strep)

L: Africa & Asia
Galagos & Lorises
D: varied - fruits, leaves, insects, small animals, birds
G: solitary or pairs

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Galagos (lorisoidea, streps)

Africa
vertical clinging and leaping

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Lorises (lorisoidea, streps)

Africa/ Asia
slow quadrupedal motion
reduced 2nd digit = strong wide grasp

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Lemuroidea (strep)

L: Madagascar
D: varied diet, eat all
G: diverse - pairs, solitary, large groups
T: varied activity patterns, vertical clinging and leaping

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Aye-Aye* (lemuroidea, strep)

D: wood-boring insect larvae

expect for thumb and big toe, all digits have claws → elongated and thin 3rd digit, functions like a skewer

large continuously growing incisors

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Haplorrhine Derived Traits (eMBED, PC/O/SC, DP)

M - mandible, fused
B - brain size large
E - enhanced vision
D - diurnal

PC - postorbital closure
O - olfaction, reduced
SC - social complexity

DP - developmental periods, long

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Tarsioidea (tarsiers, haplo)

L: SE Asia

Tarsier Promisian Traits (GUNS)

G - grooming claw
U - unfused mandible
N - nocturnal
S - small social groups

Tarsier (Derived) Traits (haplo.)

lack: TL, rhinarium, tooth comb
vertical clinging and leaping
large eyes
nocturnal predators of small vert.

Similarities in body plans - Platyrrhines and Cercopithecoids

Quadrupedalism
hind = forelimbs
long tails for balance
shoulder blades on ribcage side

Platyrrhines

L: Central and South America
T: all arboreal, some prehensile tails

Aotus (platy., haplo)

EXCEPTION - only nocturnal monkey

Marmosets & Tamarins (platy., haplo)

L: Americas
D: omnivorous, insect/plant exudates
G: varied, one breeding female
T: male primary caregiver, twins common

Other monkeys (platy, haplo)

taxonomy debated insectivore-frugivore socially diverse

Capuchins (platy, haplo)

tool use enhanced brain

Golden Faced Sake (platy, haplo)

dental adaptations for hard seeds

Spider Monkey (platy, haplo)

prehensile tails highly suspensory

Cercopithecoidea (cata, haplo)

L: Africa, Asia ischial callosities - colobines & cercopithecines

Colobine monkeys (cerc, cata, haplo)

D: mature leaves T: arboreal quads, leaping

Cercopithecine monkeys (cerc, cata, haplo)

D: omnivorous T: semi-terrestrial/arboreal, cheek pouches, sexual swelling

Apes - distinguishable traits (BTN BDL/S)

B - large bodies T - no tails N - nests in trees to sleep B - large brains D - long dev. periods L/S - locomotion, suspensory adaptations postcranium

Suspensory Adaptations (apes)

short hindlimbs, long forelimbs mobile shoulder joint shoulder blade on back long curved fingers

Vertical clinging & leaping adaptations

long, powerful hind limbs long flexible back long grasping fingers

Gibbons & Siamangs (apes, cata, haplo)

L: SE Asia D: mostly fruits G: socially monogamous Sex Di: little T: brachiation, smaller apes

great ape shared traits

large bodies suspensory adaptations BUT quad. on ground knuckle-walking

Orangutans (apes, cata, haplo)

L: Borneo, Sumatra D: highly frugivorous G: monogamous Sex Di: somewhat T: mostly arboreal, quad, slow climbers

Gorillas (apes, cata, haplo)

L: Central/West Africa - rain forest D: folivorous G: ~20 individuals, dom. male Sex Di: much

Chimpanzees (apes, cata, haplo)

L: West, Central, East Asia - rainforests, grasslands, woodland savanna D: fruit, leaves, insects, bird eggs G: multi-male/female Sex Di: somewhat T: male bonding, female aggression, aggressive, lethal raids, tool making

Bonobos (apes, cata, haplo)

L: Dem. Repub. of Congo - lowland rainforests D: ~chimps, more veg G: multi-male/female T: more slender/smaller than chimps, nonrelated female bonding, lovers

Bonobos & Chimps social structure

fission-fusion social structure - small groups split from large - all combos in groups - travel, feed, groom, sex, aggression - promiscuous mating

threats to apes

habitat destruction bushmeat hunting disease political instability

examples of cultural traditions passed on in primates

chimps - tool use for termite fishing, hunting behaviors orangutans - nest building, maternal care capuchin - tool use for opening nuts, foraging techniques